Correlation of bacterial indicator organisms with
 Salmonella
 spp.,
 Staphylococcus aureus
 and
 Candida albicans
 in sea water

Efstratiou,; Mavridou,; Richardson, Malcolm; Papadakis,

doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00345.x

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…On Italian beaches, the mean number of the genus Staphylococcus was 2.0 × 10 3 CFU per 100 g dry wt of sand (Mancini et al 2005). Many strains of Staphylococcus aureus were also isolated from the seawater and the sand of two popular beaches in Chile (Prado et al 1994), as well as in Greece − along the northern coast of the Saronicos Gulf (Efstratiou et al 1998). The main source of S. aureus in recreational waters is probably bathers, who harbor the bacteria in their nasal membranes, on their skin and other parts of the body that come in contact with water during bathing and swimming (Yoshpe-Purer & Golderman 1987, Esiobu et al 2004, Elmir et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of potentially human pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and in the sand of the recreational coastal beach in the southern Baltic Sea

Mudryk

Gackowska

Skórczewski

et al. 2014

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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The occurrence and the distribution of potentially human pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas aeruoginosa, Staphylococcus and Vibrio-like organisms in the sand and the adjacent seawater of the recreational coastal beach were studied. The highest mean number among these four studied groups of bacteria was represented by Aeromonas-like organisms and the lowest one by Staphylococcus-like organisms. Dry sand was inhabited by the highest number of all studied potentially pathogenic bacteria. Within a year, the number of the studied bacteria inhabiting the sand and the seawater showed considerable monthly changes. There were differences in the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria between the surface and the subsurface sand layers with a clear decrease in their number toward the deeper layers of the sand.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of potentially human pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and in the sand of the recreational coastal beach in the southern Baltic Sea

Mudryk

Gackowska

Skórczewski

et al. 2014

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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“…Recreational waters may also pose a threat to human health from candidiasis (13,14). Candida species are frequently isolated from human-impacted surface water and sewage (11,40).…”

Section: Specificity Amplification Efficiency and Extrapolated Minimentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Rapid, Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method for Enumeration of Pathogenic Candida Cells in Water

Brinkman

Haugland

Wymer

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

143

116

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Quantitative PCR (QPCR) technology, incorporating fluorigenic 5 nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry, was utilized for the specific detection and quantification of six pathogenic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae) in water. Known numbers of target cells were added to distilled and tap water samples, filtered, and disrupted directly on the membranes for recovery of DNA for QPCR analysis. The assay's sensitivities were between one and three cells per filter. The accuracy of the cell estimates was between 50 and 200% of their true value (95% confidence level). In similar tests with surface water samples, the presence of PCR inhibitory compounds necessitated further purification and/or dilution of the DNA extracts, with resultant reductions in sensitivity but generally not in quantitative accuracy. Analyses of a series of freshwater samples collected from a recreational beach showed positive correlations between the QPCR results and colony counts of the corresponding target species. Positive correlations were also seen between the cell quantities of the target Candida species detected in these analyses and colony counts of Enterococcus organisms. With a combined sample processing and analysis time of less than 4 h, this method shows great promise as a tool for rapidly assessing potential exposures to waterborne pathogenic Candida species from drinking and recreational waters and may have applications in the detection of fecal pollution.Yeasts are a significant component of the microbiota of most natural aquatic ecosystems (17, 33) and can also occur in drinking water distribution systems as a result of their ability to survive treatment practices and become incorporated into biofilms (6,12,22,30,31). The majority of these organisms have no known human health effect. However, a small number of species, primarily within the anamorphic genus Candida, are important opportunistic pathogens (23).The importance of pathogenic Candida as agents of nosocomial infections has led to the development of a number of modern molecular diagnostic methods to facilitate their detection and identification in clinical samples. Methods based on the PCR and DNA hybridization probes have received particular attention (9,25,26,32,39). The more recent advent of fluorescent probe-based PCR technology (21) has led to the development of homogeneous methods for detecting these organisms that require relatively short periods of time to perform (16,28).Quantitative PCR (QPCR) has been demonstrated to be useful for quantitative analysis of microorganisms in environmental samples (29,34,35,36), but, to our knowledge, this approach has not been used in the analysis of yeasts in water. Analyses for pathogenic yeasts in drinking or recreational water systems have the potential to expedite the identification of possible health hazards resulting either directly from the presence of these organisms or, as their presence might indicate, indirectly from other waterborne pathogens.The first object...

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“…Microbiological monitoring of water are important opportunist pathogens (13). In fact, C. albicans is the most frequent human pathogen, and some researches have correlated its presence in aquatic environments to recent human or animal fecal contamination (13,28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, C. albicans is the most frequent human pathogen, and some researches have correlated its presence in aquatic environments to recent human or animal fecal contamination (13,28). Other yeast genera such as Rhodotorula have been acknowledged as important emerging human pathogens (16), with high resistance to commonly prescribed antifungal agents (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological monitoring mf mineral water commercialized in Brazil

Pontara¹,

Oliveira²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2011

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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The quality of mineral water commercialized in Brazil regarding the microbial content was analyzed and the results were compared with the standards established by the current legislation. Results demonstrated there was no bacterial contamination, but several types of fungi were found. Therefore, bottled mineral water could be considered a possible route for the transmission of filamentous fungi and yeasts.

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Correlation of bacterial indicator organisms with Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in sea water

Cited by 36 publications

References 6 publications

Occurrence of potentially human pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and in the sand of the recreational coastal beach in the southern Baltic Sea

Occurrence of potentially human pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and in the sand of the recreational coastal beach in the southern Baltic Sea

Evaluation of a Rapid, Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method for Enumeration of Pathogenic Candida Cells in Water

Microbiological monitoring mf mineral water commercialized in Brazil

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