Correlation of antimicrobial effects of phenoxyethanol with its free concentration in the water phase of o/w-emulsion gels

Puschmann, Julia; Herbig, Michael E.; Müller‐Goymann, Christel C.

doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.08.007

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It should be noted that commercial products contain additional antimicrobial components, such as tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil [34] in the case of ESI ® gel, which could contribute to a better inhibitory effect through a synergistic effect. Antimicrobial additives and preservatives used in commercial products are also triethanolamine [35], DMDM hydantoin [36], diazolidinyl urea, [37], EDTA [38], tocopheryl acetate [39], phenoxyethanol [40], potassium sorbate [41], linalool [42], limonene [43], citric acid [44], ascorbic acid [45], and sodium benzoate [46]. If two substances have similar effects, it is exploited to obtain the same effect with lower doses of each active substance [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Efficiency of Aloe arborescens and Aloe barbadensis Natural and Commercial Products

Kupnik

Primožič

Knez

et al. 2021

Plants

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Nowadays, there are many commercial products from natural resources on the market, but they still have many additives to increase their biological activities. On the other hand, there is particular interest in natural sources that would have antimicrobial properties themselves and would inhibit the growth and the reproduction of opportunistic microorganisms. Therefore, a comparative antimicrobial study of natural samples of aloe and its commercial products was performed. Qualitative and quantitative determination of antimicrobial efficiency of Aloe arborescens and Aloe barbadensis and its commercial products on fungi, Gram-negative, and Gram-positive bacteria was performed. Samples exhibited antimicrobial activity and slowed down the growth of all tested microorganisms. Research has shown that natural juices and gels of A. arborescens and A. barbadensis are at higher added concentrations comparable to commercial aloe products, especially against microbial cultures of Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whose growths were completely inhibited at a microbial concentration of 600 μg/mL. Of particular importance are the findings of the good antimicrobial efficacy of fresh juice and gel of A. arborescens on tested microorganisms, which is less known and less researched. These results show great potential of A. arborescens for further use in medicine, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Efficiency of Aloe arborescens and Aloe barbadensis Natural and Commercial Products

Kupnik

Primožič

Knez

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and Gram‐positive (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus ) bacteria, as well as against yeasts (e.g. Candida albicans ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety review of phenoxyethanol when used as a preservative in cosmetics

Dréno

Zuberbier

Gelmetti

et al. 2019

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Phenoxyethanol, or 2‐phenoxyethanol, has a large spectrum of antimicrobial activity and has been widely used as a preservative in cosmetic products for decades. It is effective against various Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, as well as against yeasts, and has only a weak inhibitory effect on resident skin flora. According to the European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, phenoxyethanol is safe for all consumers – including children of all ages – when used as a preservative in cosmetic products at a maximum concentration of 1%. Adverse systemic effects have been observed in toxicological studies on animals but only when the levels of exposure were many magnitudes higher (around 200‐fold higher) than those to which consumers are exposed when using phenoxyethanol‐containing cosmetic products. Despite its widespread use in cosmetic products, phenoxyethanol is a rare sensitizer. It can be considered as one of the most well‐tolerated preservatives used in cosmetic products.

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“…Since the biocides are currently applied in polyamide membrane systems, they are recognized as reasonable candidates for biofouling prevention in RO systems. The two remaining biocides are commonly applied as preservatives in home and personal care products and were selected due to their low associated hazards: Phenoxyethanol (PE) and Sodium benzoate (SB) (CIR 2001;Buckley et al 2017;Puschmann et al 2018;Curtin 2020), making them interesting candidates for biofilm prevention and control.…”

Section: Biocidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2-phenoxyethanol (PE), an aromatic glycol ether, is widely used as a personal care product preservative due to its broad antimicrobial activity (Paulus 2005;Puschmann et al 2018;Akgündüz et al 2020). PE is commonly added to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, such as hand disinfecting biocidal products and vaccines (ECHA 2018;Puschmann et al 2018). PE is a biocide of special interest, due to its chemical and physical properties, including effectiveness as a solvent and antimicrobial (Paulus 2005;Lilienblum 2016).…”

Section: Phenoxyethanol (Pe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of non-oxidizing biocides to prevent biofouling in reverse osmosis polyamide membrane systems: a review

Da-Silva-Correa

Smith

Thibodeau

et al. 2022

Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua

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Biofouling of polyamide membranes is one of the main barriers faced by reverse osmosis (RO) technologies to supply fresh water. Currently, biofouling is addressed by feed water pretreatment using chlorine, followed by membrane cleaning. Chlorine damages polyamide membranes and also generates harmful disinfection byproducts. Thus, safer strategies are needed to prevent biofouling in polyamide membrane systems. This review investigates the applicability of the following non-oxidizing biocides in preventing and controlling biofouling in RO systems, including their antimicrobial efficiency, hazard levels, membrane compatibility, and applicability to drinking water treatment: (1) 2,2-dibromo-3-nitropropionamide (DBNPA); (2) 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT); (3) sodium bisulfite (SBS), (4) phenoxyethanol (PE), (5) sodium benzoate (SB). According to this review, MIT and DBNPA present most of the features attributed to an ideal anti-biofouling chemical but also are the most hazardous biocides. Due to safety and efficacy, none of the five chemicals were determined to be the final solution to address membrane biofouling. However, alternative RO biocide research is in early development and requires further investigation via biofouling prevention studies. Therefore, future research efforts on the investigation of economic, eco-friendly, and safe antifouling agents to prevent and treat biofouling in RO systems are paramount to promote sustainable water supply in water-stressed countries.

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Correlation of antimicrobial effects of phenoxyethanol with its free concentration in the water phase of o/w-emulsion gels

Cited by 16 publications

References 48 publications

Antimicrobial Efficiency of Aloe arborescens and Aloe barbadensis Natural and Commercial Products

Antimicrobial Efficiency of Aloe arborescens and Aloe barbadensis Natural and Commercial Products

Safety review of phenoxyethanol when used as a preservative in cosmetics

The application of non-oxidizing biocides to prevent biofouling in reverse osmosis polyamide membrane systems: a review

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