Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries

Börner, Markus; Friesen, Alex; Grützke, Martin; Stenzel, Yannick Philipp; Brunklaus, Gunther; Haetge, Jan; Nowak, Sascha; Schappacher, Falko M.; Winter, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.041

Cited by 123 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…• C, T SH was shifted to higher temperatures in the experiments by Börner et al 12 A similar trend was found by Zhang et al for calendar aged 4.6 Ah pouch cells using a calorimeter (not ARC). 15 The authors stored the cells at 100% SOC at 55…”

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 82%

“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…12 The difference in our experiments is that the cells with Li plating were cycled at significantly lower temperature. Figure 9 shows the results from the end of thermal runaway as a function of capacity for the 3.25 Ah 18650-type cells.…”

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325mentioning

confidence: 88%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Li-ion cells are used in a variety of mobile and stationary applications. Their use must be safe under all conditions, even for aged cells in second-life applications. In the present study, different aging mechanisms are taken into account for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 18650-type cells are cycled at 0 • C (Li plating expected) and at 45 • C (SEI growth expected). After extensive evaluation of the electrochemical results (voltage curve analysis, capacity fade, energy fade, Coulombic efficiency), the cells are tested by PostMortem analysis (CT, GD-OES, SEM) to reveal the main aging mechanisms and by ARC to test the safety behavior. Besides typical ARC results such as onset-of-self-heating, onset-of-thermal runaway and maximum temperatures, as well as acoustic responses of thermal runaway are evaluated and a method is developed to compare fresh cells and cells aged until different SOHs. It turns out that the safety of aged cells is not simply a function of the SOH. However, safety is strongly affected by the main aging mechanism and to the history of operating parameters during the life-time of the cell. Driven by the demand for higher capacity, lower volume, and lower weight, Li-ion technology was developed in the 1980s.1,2 Nowadays, Li-ion technology is used for energy storage in a large variety of applications, e.g. smartphones, tablets, or drones. In particular, electric vehicles in combination with renewable energy sources are promising for reducing climate change and the corresponding glacier melting and sea level rise which is influenced by burning fossil fuels.3-6 For all applications, the safety behavior under all specified operating conditions is most important.7-9 The same is true for aged Li-ion cells used in second-life applications, for example cells which are utilized in stationary energy storage applications after their usage in electric cars.In the past, failure of Li-ion cells led to product recalls which are very expensive for the manufacturers and unsettle customers, even if such incidents happen only in very few cases (ppm range).10 At the moment, safety tests have to be performed with Li-ion prototypes cells before market release. In these tests, fresh cells are always used, however, aged cells are usually neglected. Even if fresh cells show an acceptable safety behavior, this can change for aged cells. 7,[11][12][13][14][15] While some authors observed decreases for certain safety properties, 7,11,12 others found improvements. 12,13,15 It is well known that aging mechanisms change the properties of the materials inside Li-ion cells. [16][17][18][19] Operating conditions and materials have a strong influence on these aging mechanisms. 12,[20][21][22][23] We recently reported on a change of the aging mechanism with temperature for cycling aging of commercial 18650-type cells with graphite anodes and NMC/LMO cathodes. 20 This mechanism change is expressed by a V-shape in Arrhenius plots of the capacity fade rates obtained from cycling at different ambient temperatures. 20 This c...

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Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 82%

“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Until now, most researchers have studied calendar aging effects using commercialized cells with graphite as the anodes, and low‐Ni Li[Ni x Co y Mn 1–x–y ]O 2 (NCM) materials such as NCM 333 or 523 as cathodes . Similarly to cyclic aging, the most common degradations observed from calendar aging are capacity fading and losses in power performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Degradation of Ni‐Rich Li[Ni_xCo_yMn₁_−x−y]O₂ Cathodes During Accelerated Calendar Aging

Ryu

Park

Yoon

et al. 2018

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Because electric vehicles (EVs) are used intermittently with long resting periods in the fully charged state before driving, calendar aging behavior is an important criterion for the application of Li-ion batteries used in EVs. In this work, Ni-rich Li[Ni Co Mn ]O (x = 0.8 and 0.9) cathode materials with high energy densities, but low cycling stabilities are investigated to characterize their microstructural degradation during accelerated calendar aging. Although the particles seem to maintain their crystal structures and morphologies, the microcracks which develop during calendar aging remain even in the fully discharged state. An NiO-like phase rock-salt structure of tens of nanometers in thickness accumulates on the surfaces of the primary particles through parasitic reactions with the electrolyte. In addition, the passive layer of this rock-salt structure near the microcracks is gradually exfoliated from the primary particles, exposing fresh surfaces containing Ni to the electrolyte. Interestingly, the interior primary particles near the microcracks have deteriorated more severely than the outer particles. The microstructural degradation is worsened with increasing Ni contents in the cathode materials, directly affecting electrochemical performances such as the reversible capacities and voltage profiles.

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“…either excessive external heat influx or heat generation surpassing the ability of dissipation, poses a serious threat to the integrity of the device [7,8]. Thermally induced degradation processes comprise the evolution of gas from evaporation and degradation of the electrolyte, melting of the separator leading to internal short circuits, changes of the electrodes' structure releasing oxygen and lithium respectively and other fast selfaccelerating exothermic reactions leading to thermal runaway [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Lithium ion cells not only offer a higher energy density but also more resistance towards aging than other types of electrochemical secondary cells like Pb-acid batteries and NiMH systems [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

Lammer

Königseder

Gluschitz

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.

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Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries

Cited by 123 publications

References 67 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Microstructural Degradation of Ni‐Rich Li[Ni_xCo_yMn₁_−x−y]O₂ Cathodes During Accelerated Calendar Aging

Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

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Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries

Cited by 123 publications

References 67 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Microstructural Degradation of Ni‐Rich Li[NixCoyMn1−x−y]O2 Cathodes During Accelerated Calendar Aging

Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

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Microstructural Degradation of Ni‐Rich Li[Ni_xCo_yMn₁_−x−y]O₂ Cathodes During Accelerated Calendar Aging