Correlation of age and ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis using computed tomography

CT evaluation of medial clavicular epiphysis as a method of bone age determination in adolescents and young adults

“…In line with previous studies, we did not observe significant differences between male and female subjects in the ossification stages of clavicular epiphysis (8,(10)(11)(12). In contrast, Ekizoglu et al (17) reported that there was a significant difference between male and female patients in stages I and IV.…”

“…In the present study, the ossification stages of medial clavicular epiphysis were defined using a modified version of the Schmeling classification (7), which is a widely accepted system (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Previous studies showed that an individual can be estimated to be ≥18 years when complete ossification of epiphyseal cartilage (stage IV, V) is observed (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).…”

“…Previous studies showed that an individual can be estimated to be ≥18 years when complete ossification of epiphyseal cartilage (stage IV, V) is observed (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Since stage III is a borderline to determine whether an individual is adult or not, we modified this classification to evaluate stage III epiphysis in more detail and divided stage III into two subgroups (stage III A, ≤2/3, ossification of epiphyseal cartilage; stage III B, >2/3 but not complete ossification of epiphyseal cartilage).…”

Forensic Age Estimation in Unaccompanied Minors and Young Living Adults

“…Therefore reference values from dry bone studies should not be applied to assessments based on radiographs. Radiological methods to examine the medial clavicular epiphysis in living individuals are conventional radiography (CR) (Flecker, 1933;Galstaun, 1937;Jit & Kullkarni, 1976;, computed tomography (CT) (Kreitner et al, 1997(Kreitner et al, , 1998Schulz et al, 2005;Schulze et al, 2006;Bassed et al, 2010;Kellinghaus et al, 2010a, b), as well as new approaches using magnet resonance imaging (Schmidt et al, 2007;Hillewig et al, 2011) and ultrasoundsonography (Schulz et al, 2008b;Quirmbach et al, 2009;Schulz et al, 2010). While traditional classification systems differentiate between four stages of clavicle ossification (stage 1: ossification centre not ossified; stage 2: ossification centre ossified, epiphyseal plate not ossified; stage 3: epiphyseal plate partly ossified; stage 4: epiphyseal plate fully ossified), Schmeling et al divided the stage of total epiphyseal fusion into two additional stages (stage 4: epiphyseal plate fully ossified, epiphyseal scar visible; stage 5: epiphyseal plate fully ossified, epiphyseal scar no longer visible).…”

Determining the Ossification Status of Sternal End of the Clavicle using CT and Digital X-ray: A Comparative Study

“…It is also required in developing countries where births are not always recorded properly [2] to ascertain that whether a defendant of questionable age has attained the age of criminal responsibility and applying general criminal law for adults is justified in that case [3].…”