“…They consider a purely diffusion model in which the NE Casimir forces originate from the local dependence of the correlation function for the random fluctuations of the flux in the presence of a gradient. As mentioned in the introduction, this mechanism for the appearance of long-range fluctuations in fluids in NESS has earlier been proposed by other investigators [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Aminov et al [32] determine NE density fluctuations from a fluctuating mass-diffusion equation.…”
Section: Ne Temperature Fluctuations From Inhomogeneous Noisementioning
Long-range thermal fluctuations appear in fluids in nonequilibrium states leading to fluctuationinduced Casimir-like forces. Two distinct mechanisms have been identified for the origin of the longrange nonequilibrium fluctuations in fluids subjected to a temperature or concentration gradient. One is a coupling between the heat or mass-diffusion mode with a viscous mode in fluids subjected to a temperature or concentration gradient. Another one is the spatial inhomogeneity of thermal noise in the presence of a gradient. We show that in fluids fluctuation-induced forces arising from mode coupling are several orders of magnitude larger than those from inhomogeneous noise.
“…They consider a purely diffusion model in which the NE Casimir forces originate from the local dependence of the correlation function for the random fluctuations of the flux in the presence of a gradient. As mentioned in the introduction, this mechanism for the appearance of long-range fluctuations in fluids in NESS has earlier been proposed by other investigators [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Aminov et al [32] determine NE density fluctuations from a fluctuating mass-diffusion equation.…”
Section: Ne Temperature Fluctuations From Inhomogeneous Noisementioning
Long-range thermal fluctuations appear in fluids in nonequilibrium states leading to fluctuationinduced Casimir-like forces. Two distinct mechanisms have been identified for the origin of the longrange nonequilibrium fluctuations in fluids subjected to a temperature or concentration gradient. One is a coupling between the heat or mass-diffusion mode with a viscous mode in fluids subjected to a temperature or concentration gradient. Another one is the spatial inhomogeneity of thermal noise in the presence of a gradient. We show that in fluids fluctuation-induced forces arising from mode coupling are several orders of magnitude larger than those from inhomogeneous noise.
“…1 but non-zero for finite, non-equilibrium systems [12]. The hdudN i correlation is of theoretical interest since it is the origin of the asymmetric Brillouin peaks observed in light scattering for a fluid subjected to a temperature gradient [7,13]. Returning to Eq.…”
Section: Physical Explanation For the Biasmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Earlier theoretical work [13] predicts that the non-equilibrium correlation of fluctuations, which produces a contribution due to the hdu x k dN k i term in Eq. (5), approximately goes as xðL À xÞDT .…”
Section: Physical Explanation For the Biasmentioning
“…[17]. Some of these authors have also considered a coupling between temperature and velocity fluctuations [61]. But to simplify the hydrodynamic equations they made the assumption that the thermal expansion coefficient of the fluid vanishes.…”
Section: Correlations In the Vertical Directionmentioning
Starting from the linearized fluctuating Boussinesq equations we derive an expression for the structure factor of fluids in stationary convection-free thermal nonequilibrium states, taking into account both gravity and finite-size effects. It is demonstrated how the combined effects of gravity and finite size causes the structure factor to go through a maximum value as a function of the wave number q. The appearance of this maximum is associated with a crossover from a q −4 dependence for larger q to a q 2 dependence for very small q. The relevance of this theoretical result for the interpretation of light scattering and shadowgraph experiments is elucidated. The relationship with studies on various aspects of the problem by other investigators is discussed. The paper thus provides a unified treatment for dealing with fluctuations in fluid layers subjected to a stationary temperature gradient regardless of the sign of the Rayleigh number R, provided that R is smaller than the critical value R c associated with the appearance of Rayleigh-Bénard convection.
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