Correlation between viral infections in male semen and infertility: a literature review

Abstract

Infertility affects approximately one-sixth of couples globally, with the incidence of male infertility steadily increasing. However, our understanding of the impact of viral infections on fertility remains limited. This review consolidates findings from previous studies, outlining 40 viruses identified in human semen and summarizing their key characteristics, modes of transmission, and their effects on both the reproductive and endocrine systems. Furthermore, it elucidates potential pathogenic mechanisms and treatment prospects of viruses strongly associated with male infertility. This synthesis will enhance our comprehension of how viral infections influence male reproductive health, offering valuable insights for future research as well as the diagnosis and treatment of infectious infertility. Graphical Abstract Abbreviated summary: Semen viral infections can damage the male reproductive system, further affecting semen quality and causing infertility, as well as sexually transmitted infections to partners and vertical transmission resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes.