Correlation between the Presence of Virulence‐Associated Genes as Determined by PCR and Actual Virulence to Mice in Various Strains of <i>Listeria</i> Spp.

Nishibori, Takeaki; Cooray, K. J.; Xiong, Huabao; Kawamura, Ikuo; Fujita, Masashi; Mitsuyama, Masao

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02211.x

Cited by 49 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Conclusions. Collectively, previous challenge studies using a murine model did not reveal consistent virulence phenotypes that might explain the predominance of certain L. monocytogenes strains that cluster within genetic lineage I (e.g., serotype 4b, epidemic clone strains) among listeriosis outbreaks and sporadic cases (6,18,28). Mutations leading to a PMSC in inlA are overrepresented among serotype 1/2a and 1/2c L. monocytogenes isolates belonging to genetic lineage II and are found among serotype 4b isolates only on very rare occasions (43,46).…”

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confidence: 99%

Significant Shift in Median Guinea Pig Infectious Dose Shown by an Outbreak-AssociatedListeria monocytogenesEpidemic Clone Strain and a Strain Carrying a Premature Stop Codon Mutation ininlA

Stelten

Simpson

Chen

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Listeria monocytogenes contains (i) epidemic clone (EC) strains, which have been linked to the majority of listeriosis outbreaks worldwide and are overrepresented among sporadic cases in the United States, and (ii) strains commonly isolated from ready-to-eat foods that carry a mutation leading to a premature stop codon (PMSC) in inlA, which encodes the key virulence factor internalin A (InlA). Internalin A binds certain isoforms of the cellular receptor E-cadherin to facilitate crossing the intestinal barrier during the initial stages of an L. monocytogenes infection. Juvenile guinea pigs, which express the human isoform of E-cadherin that binds InlA, were intragastrically challenged with a range of doses of (i) an EC strain associated with a listeriosis outbreak or (ii) a strain carrying a PMSC mutation in inlA. Recovery of L. monocytogenes from tissues (i.e., liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileum) was used to develop strain-specific dose-response curves on the basis of individual and combined organ data. Modeling of individual and combined organ data revealed an approximate 1.2 to 1.3 log 10 increase in the median infectious dose for the strain carrying a PMSC in inlA relative to that for the EC strain. Inclusion of the strain parameter significantly improved the goodness of fit for individual and combined organ models, indicating a significant shift in median infectious dose for guinea pigs challenged with an inlA PMSC strain compared to that for guinea pigs challenged with an EC strain. Results from this work provide evidence that the L. monocytogenes dose-response relationship is strain specific and will provide critical data for enhancement of current risk assessments and development of future risk assessments.

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Significant Shift in Median Guinea Pig Infectious Dose Shown by an Outbreak-AssociatedListeria monocytogenesEpidemic Clone Strain and a Strain Carrying a Premature Stop Codon Mutation ininlA

Stelten

Simpson

Chen

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…A wide variety of virulence genes are involved in the intracellular life cycle of L. monocytogenes within the host (11,12,15,17,54,60). These include Listeria pathogenicity island 1 (LIPI-1), which contains six key virulence genes (i.e., prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, and plcB) (26,31,40,60), and various internalin genes scattered over the L. monocytogenes genome (18,19,51,52). To these ends, MLVA was used to type 183 isolates of L. monocytogenes from two main sources: (i) clinical rhombencephalitis isolates from small ruminants and cattle and human clinical isolates and (ii) L. monocytogenes isolated from food and the environment, collected from two geographically and climatically different countries.…”

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Ruminant Rhombencephalitis-Associated Listeria monocytogenes Alleles Linked to a Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis Complex

Balandyté

Brodard

Frey

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Listeria monocytogenes is among the most important food-borne pathogens and is well adapted to persist in the environment. To gain insight into the genetic relatedness and potential virulence of L. monocytogenes strains causing central nervous system (CNS) infections, we used multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) to subtype 183 L. monocytogenes isolates, most from ruminant rhombencephalitis and some from human patients, food, and the environment. Allelic-profile-based comparisons grouped L. monocytogenes strains mainly into three clonal complexes and linked single-locus variants (SLVs). Clonal complex A essentially consisted of isolates from human and ruminant brain samples. All but one rhombencephalitis isolate from cattle were located in clonal complex A. In contrast, food and environmental isolates mainly clustered into clonal complex C, and none was classified as clonal complex A. Isolates of the two main clonal complexes (A and C) obtained by MLVA were analyzed by PCR for the presence of 11 virulence-associated genes (prfA, actA, inlA, inlB, inlC, inlD, inlE, inlF, inlG, inlJ, and inlC2H). Virulence gene analysis revealed significant differences in the actA, inlF, inlG, and inlJ allelic profiles between clinical isolates (complex A) and nonclinical isolates (complex C). The association of particular alleles of actA, inlF, and newly described alleles of inlJ with isolates from CNS infections (particularly rhombencephalitis) suggests that these virulence genes participate in neurovirulence of L. monocytogenes. The overall absence of inlG in clinical complex A and its presence in complex C isolates suggests that the InlG protein is more relevant for the survival of L. monocytogenes in the environment.Listeria monocytogenes is a food-and feed-borne pathogen of major concern with regard to public and animal health. This Gram-positive bacterium affects a wide range of mammalian species, most commonly humans and domestic ruminants (15). Clinical manifestations are similar in all susceptible hosts and include septicemia, abortion, severe gastroenteritis, and central nervous system (CNS) infections, such as meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and rhombencephalitis (2, 55). CNS involvement is a characteristic feature in humans and ruminants and accounts for the high fatality rates (20 to 50%) associated with listeriosis compared to other food-borne infections (9, 43, 55). Rhombencephalitis is the most commonly encountered form of listeriosis in farm ruminants and is of importance not only because it results in significant economic losses in livestock production due to morbidity and high mortality in animals but also because of its impact on food safety and public health, as infected animals represent a possible reservoir for human infection (4,38,44,61). Clinically affected animals and healthy carriers may shed the bacteria in their feces and milk, thus contaminating pastures, vegetables, surface water, and milk products (5,14,28,62).L. monocytogenes is widespread in the environment due to its eurythe...

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“…is associated with virulence (28,43). Virulent L. monocytogenes strains were able to induce strong IFN-␥ production, but avirulent strains exhibit only weak IFN-␥-inducing activity (44).…”

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“…Hemolytic activity of the recombinant proteins was determined as described previously (15,28). Briefly, cytolysins were twofold diluted with PBS and incubated with an equal volume of a 1% suspension of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) for 1 h at 37°C.…”

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Differences in Gamma Interferon Production Induced by Listeriolysin O and Ivanolysin O Result in Different Levels of Protective Immunity in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii

et al. 2003

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Two pathogenic species in the genus Listeria, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii, are characterized by the production of hemolysins belonging to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, listeriolysin O (LLO) and ivanolysin O (ILO), respectively. LLO, produced by L. monocytogenes, is able to induce gamma interferon (IFN-␥) production and contributes to the generation of Th1-dependent protective immunity. On the other hand, nothing is known about the role of ILO, produced by L. ivanovii, in this regard. In this study, we immunized mice with 0.1 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii. Protective immunity against a challenge with 10 LD 50 was generated in mice infected with L. monocytogenes, whereas L. ivanovii infection did not induce protection. After immunization, the level of IFN-␥ in serum samples was increased in mice given L. monocytogenes but not in those given L. ivanovii. To determine the IFN-␥-inducing activity of cytolysins, recombinant protein was constructed. Recombinant ILO exhibited significantly lower IFN-␥-inducing activity than LLO. By comparing the IFN-␥-inducing activity of a chimera incorporating LLO and ILO, it was found that domains 1 to 3 of LLO were critical for IFN-␥-inducing activity while the counterpart in ILO was unable to induce cytokine production. These results suggested that the weak ability of ILO to induce IFN-␥ production is responsible for the failure of L. ivanovii to generate effective protective immunity.Among the bacterial species belonging to the genus Listeria, two species, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii, are known to be pathogenic (42). L. monocytogenes causes serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals (9,11,24), and animals (25). L. ivanovii is pathogenic to ruminants (25) but rarely causes human disease (6, 23).These two species possess a similar central virulence gene cluster consisting of prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, and plcB, the transcription of which is positively regulated by PrfA (13, 21). Both listeriolysin O (LLO), an hly gene product in L. monocytogenes, and ivanolysin O (ILO), an ilo gene product in L. ivanovii, are 58-kDa secretory proteins that are the major virulence determinants in each (12,20,40). They show 80% homology in amino acid sequence (14, 16) and belong to a family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) characterized by the presence of a highly conserved undecapeptide sequence (ECTGLAWEWWR) located near the C terminus (7, 42). The CDCs are known to bind cholesterol on the cell surface and form oligomers, resulting in a ring-shaped pore on the cytoplasmic membrane. The cytolytic activity of CDC is easily blocked by treatment with small amounts of free cholesterol (2). Rossjohn et al. analyzed the three-dimensional structure of perfringolysin O, a member of the CDC family produced by Clostridium perfringens, and reported that perfringolysin O consists of four domains (34). The continuous domains 1 to 3 are involved in oligomerization and insertion of the oligomer into th...

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Correlation between the Presence of Virulence‐Associated Genes as Determined by PCR and Actual Virulence to Mice in Various Strains of Listeria Spp.

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Significant Shift in Median Guinea Pig Infectious Dose Shown by an Outbreak-AssociatedListeria monocytogenesEpidemic Clone Strain and a Strain Carrying a Premature Stop Codon Mutation ininlA

Significant Shift in Median Guinea Pig Infectious Dose Shown by an Outbreak-AssociatedListeria monocytogenesEpidemic Clone Strain and a Strain Carrying a Premature Stop Codon Mutation ininlA

Ruminant Rhombencephalitis-Associated Listeria monocytogenes Alleles Linked to a Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis Complex

Differences in Gamma Interferon Production Induced by Listeriolysin O and Ivanolysin O Result in Different Levels of Protective Immunity in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii

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