Correlation between the Entropy for a Given Binary Format Image and the Psychological Quantity from Verbal Expression

Sato, Tomoaki; Suganuma, Mutsumi

doi:10.5057/jjske.12.499

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Therefore, we developed an equation that calculates an entropy value based on the sum of the logarithm of distances between proliferating cells. Distances between proliferating cells were caclulated based on the distance between black pixels in a binary image (e.g., monochrome image) following Sato and Suganuma (2013) 46 . The distribution of proliferating cells at the second joint and centre of the second phalanx of the third toe was quantified in the grebe, moorhen, and coot embryos.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental mechanisms underlying webbed foot morphological diversity in waterbirds

Tokita

Matsushita

Asakura

2020

Sci Rep

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The webbed feet of waterbirds are morphologically diverse and classified into four types: the palmate foot, semipalmate foot, totipalmate foot, and lobate foot. to understand the developmental mechanisms underlying this morphological diversity, we conducted a series of comparative analyses. Ancestral state reconstruction based on phylogeny assumed that the lobate feet possessed by the common coot and little grebe arose independently, perhaps through distinct developmental mechanisms. Gremlin1, which encodes a bone morphogenetic protein (BMp) antagonist and inhibits interdigital cell death (icD) in the foot plate of avian embryos, remained expressed in the interdigital tissues of webbed feet in the duck, common coot, little grebe, and great cormorant. Differences in Gremlin1 expression pattern and proliferating cell distribution pattern in the toe tissues of the common coot and little grebe support the convergent evolution of lobate feet. in the totipalmate-footed great cormorant, Gremlin1 was expressed in all interdigital tissues at St. 31, but its expression disappeared except along the toes by St. 33. The webbing of the cormorant's totipalmate foot and duck's palmate foot may have risen from distinct developmental mechanisms. Waterbirds usually have webbed feet for foot-based propulsion. Webbed feet can be morphologically classified into four types: palmate, semipalmate, totipalmate, and lobate. Palmate feet are the most common type of webbed feet in waterbirds, where three front-facing toes (toes II, III, and IV) are entirely connected by webbing 1,2 (Fig. 1A). Semipalmate feet have partial webbing at the base of the three front-facing toes (Fig. 1A). Totipalmate feet have a hallux connected by webbing to front-facing toe II, and toes II, III, and IV are entirely connected by webbing (Fig. 1A). The four toes of lobate feet are separated from each other, but each toe has leaf-like membranes (lobes) along the edges that produce propulsion in water 3. Webbed feet are observed in five clades of modern birds: (1) order Anseriformes including palmate-footed ducks and geese and semipalmate-footed magpie geese 1,4,5 ; (2) order Gruiformes including lobate-footed sungrebes and coots 1,4,6 ; (3) the clade composed of order Phoenicopteriformes including the palmate-footed flamingos and order Podicipediformes including the lobate-footed grebes 1,4,7 ; (4) order Charadriiformes including the palmate-footed gulls, semipalmate-footed shorebirds, and lobate-footed genus Phalaropes in the family Scolopacidae 1,4,8 ; (5) the large clade including the orders Eurypygiformes, Phaethontiformes, Gaviiformes, Sphenisciformes, Procellariiformes, Ciconiiformes, Suliformes, and Pelecaniformes with palmate (loons, penguins, and shearwaters) or totipalmate feet (Phaethontiformes and Suliformes) 1,4,9. Webbed feet were acquired independently at least fourteen times in modern birds (Fig. 1B). To fully understand the origins and evolutionary history of webbed feet in birds, it is important to clarify the developmental mechanisms underlying w...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental mechanisms underlying webbed foot morphological diversity in waterbirds

Tokita

Matsushita

Asakura

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Moreover, there is evidence that objective measures such as Shannon's entropy can be used to correlate subjective evaluations. Such is the case of a study that explored the correlation between the entropy of dot pattern images and several verbal expressions, suggesting that the visual complexity is highly related to the length between dots [12]. On the other hand, studies with more practical applications, especially in design, have used curvature entropy and genetic algorithm to describe shape-generation in curve profiling for automobile profile design, suggesting that the curvature entropy can express the characteristics of the shape in a curve profile at a product level [13].…”

Section: Original Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Evaluating Food Image Complexity from the Photographer’s Perspective

Rodriguez

Masuko

Yamanaka

2021

IJAE

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How complex should the food photographs of a restaurant menu be? Studies on image complexity have been conducted using objective and subjective approaches. Nevertheless, neither approach considers the factors that photographers commonly manipulate during image creation. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the impression of complexity considering these factors. Through interviews, factors like the Camera Angle, Background, Lighting, Light Color, and the Number of Decorative Elements were identified and defined. Based on these definitions, food images were analyzed and tested by participants who assessed their impression of complexity. The results suggested that the amount of decorative element is a factor with a significant effect on the impression of complexity. Furthermore, the correlation between the number of decorative elements and the evaluations suggested that measuring food image complexity according to the decoration in the image is a closer representation of the impression of complexity judged by human subjects.

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“…To analyze the effect of the bubble-bubble interactions and the dispersibility of bubbles on the efficiency, nine cases of the numerical simulations are conducted with changing initial bubble arrangement and the dispersibility from 0.25 to 0.92. Dispersibility is defined by the entropy-based probability of thermodynamic phenomena and entropy is calculated as the sum of the logarithm of the distance from grid to grid where is regarded as a bubble (15). Dispersibility is 1 when bubbles are equally spaced in an initial condition and is 0 when bubbles are concentrated and in contact.…”

Section: Numerical Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Coupling Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow and Electrochemical Phenomena in Alkaline Water Electrolysis

et al. 2020

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The alkaline water electrolysis is one of large-scale hydrogen production methods. While a lot of experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted to elucidate the internal phenomena and to improve the efficiency of the alkaline water electrolysis, there still is room for improvement in the efficiency. In this study, large-scale coupling numerical simulations of two-phase flow and electrochemical phenomena are conducted to elucidate the influence of the bubble-bubble interactions on ion transport and cell overpotential. The results showed that the interaction between bubbles affects cell overpotential, and cell overpotential can be suppressed when bubbles are optimally dispersed.

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Correlation between the Entropy for a Given Binary Format Image and the Psychological Quantity from Verbal Expression

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Developmental mechanisms underlying webbed foot morphological diversity in waterbirds

Developmental mechanisms underlying webbed foot morphological diversity in waterbirds

A Method for Evaluating Food Image Complexity from the Photographer’s Perspective

Large-Scale Coupling Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow and Electrochemical Phenomena in Alkaline Water Electrolysis

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