“…6e), fine h 0 phases are absent and only some coarse precipitates are distributed throughout the matrix. Similar results, i.e., hardly any precipitates existed in HAZ adjacent to fusion zone were observed by Niu et al [21]. The behavior of the precipitates can change the lattice parameters of the matrix and the concentration of Cu in the a phase.…”
The effect of peak temperature (T p) at 200, 300, 400, 500 and 550°C on the microstructural evolution and softening behavior of the simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) was studied in the 2219-T87 alloy by electron-backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness and micro-tensile tests. The results showed that the grain size in the HAZs at 200-500°C was comparable, but the number density of the strengthening precipitates (GP zones/h 0) decreased with increasing T p. At a T p of 550°C, the grain size significantly decreased and the distribution of the misorientation angles corresponded to the MacKenzie distribution. The GP zones/h 0 phase coarsened and translated into h phases at T p values in the range of 200-400°C. Increasing the T p to 500°C and above, some h 0 phases translated into h phases and others dissolved into the a-Al matrix which led to an increase in the solid solution strengthening. The reduction of the number density of the GP zones/h 0 was responsible for the softening behavior.
“…6e), fine h 0 phases are absent and only some coarse precipitates are distributed throughout the matrix. Similar results, i.e., hardly any precipitates existed in HAZ adjacent to fusion zone were observed by Niu et al [21]. The behavior of the precipitates can change the lattice parameters of the matrix and the concentration of Cu in the a phase.…”
The effect of peak temperature (T p) at 200, 300, 400, 500 and 550°C on the microstructural evolution and softening behavior of the simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) was studied in the 2219-T87 alloy by electron-backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness and micro-tensile tests. The results showed that the grain size in the HAZs at 200-500°C was comparable, but the number density of the strengthening precipitates (GP zones/h 0) decreased with increasing T p. At a T p of 550°C, the grain size significantly decreased and the distribution of the misorientation angles corresponded to the MacKenzie distribution. The GP zones/h 0 phase coarsened and translated into h phases at T p values in the range of 200-400°C. Increasing the T p to 500°C and above, some h 0 phases translated into h phases and others dissolved into the a-Al matrix which led to an increase in the solid solution strengthening. The reduction of the number density of the GP zones/h 0 was responsible for the softening behavior.
“…In accordance with results from literature (Sánchez-Amaya et al, 2012;Alshaer, Li and Mistry, 2017;Niu et al, 2017;Ahn et al, 2018) about aluminium welding, previous studies generally focus on problems which occur in fusion zone (FZ), and research to date has not yet determined how the coarsening of precipitates can be inhibited in the over-aged zone, i.e. heat-affected zone (HAZ).…”
An innovative process design, to avoid thermal degradation during autogenous fusion welding of high strength AA 2024-T4 alloy, based on laser beam welding, is being developed. A series of instrumented laser welds in 2 mm thick AA 2024-T4 alloys were made with different processing conditions resulting in different thermal profiles and cooling rates. The welds were examined under SEM, TEM and LOM, and subjected to micro-hardness examination. This allowed us to understand the influence of cooling rate, peak temperature, and thermal cycle on the growth of precipitates, and related degradation in the weld and heat affected area, evident as softening. Although laser beam welding allows significant reduction of heat input, and higher cooling rates, as compared to other high heat input welding processes, this was found insufficient to completely supress coarsening of precipitate in HAZ. To understand the required range of thermal cycles, additional dilatometry tests were carried out using the same base material to understand the time-temperature relationship of precipitate formation. The results were used to design a novel laser welding process with enhanced cooling, such as with copper backing bar and cryogenic cooling.
“…Lin et al [15] studied the influence of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure of the weld metal of variable polarity TIG welded AA2219 joints using crack tip opening displacement test method. Niu et al [17] used double-pass tungsten inert gas arc welding of 2219-T87 aluminum alloys and studied the distribution influence of alloying elements and precipitations, size of grains and welding temperature field on softening behavior of FZ and HAZ and made a correlation between the mechanical properties and microstructure of the obtained joints. Zhang et al [14] combined numerical simulation with experimental methods to study the inconsistency in the mechanical properties of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joints.…”
The paper studies microstructure, chemical composition and corrosion activity of the tungsten inert gas welded joint of the Al-Mg-Sc alloy. An intensive corrosion attack of the heat affected zone (HAZ) was found due to precipitation of secondary phases at recrystallized grain boundaries. The ccorrosion process initiated along the boundary of α-Al grains, where a high concentration of anodic (Mg2Si and Mg2Al3) and cathodic phases ((MnFe)Al6) was observed. Increased temperatures during welding led to coalescence of the anodic phases in HAZ. Additionally, HAZ was found to be enriched with hard intermetallic compounds (Mg2Si and (MnFe)Al6). This area had a higher microhardness (930 MPa) compared to base metal (BM, 895 MPa) and fusion zone (FZ, 810 MPa). The volume fraction of secondary phases was 26% in BM, 28% in FZ and 38% in HAZ. The average grain size increased in the following order: (9 ± 3) µm (BM) < (16 ± 3) µm (HAZ) < (21 ± 5) µm (FZ). A plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating of aluminum-based material was applied to protect the weld from oxidation. The PEO-coating provided a high corrosion protection in the aggressive Cl−-containing environment.
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