Correlation between Cosmic Rays and Ozone Depletion

Lu, Qing‐Bin

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.102.118501

Cited by 58 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, it should be noted that the CR-driven-electron-reaction (CRE) mechanism of halogenated molecules for the ozone hole has never considered CRs as the only factor for the ozone hole [2][3][4][5], and the poor linear correlation in CR-polar ozone loss has been well discussed and replaced by a quadratic equation in [5]. The latter is not cited in the Comment [1].…”

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Lu Replies:

2010

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Lu Replies: In the preceding Comment [1], Alvarez-Madrigal mainly argues that ''since the correlation coefficient (r ¼ À0:52) is too low, cosmic ray (CR) intensity is not the principal variable to explain the total ozone variations and/or the ozone hole severity, because it explains only about 27% (r 2 ) of the total ozone variation, in a linear relationship, so that other causes should be used to predict most of the variation of the ozone.'' However, it should be noted that the CR-driven-electron-reaction (CRE) mechanism of halogenated molecules for the ozone hole has never considered CRs as the only factor for the ozone hole [2][3][4][5], and the poor linear correlation in CR-polar ozone loss has been well discussed and replaced by a quadratic equation in [5]. The latter is not cited in the Comment [1]. And the argument that the CR intensity is not the principal variable for polar ozone loss is incorrect, since a low Pearson correlation coefficient is well known to only indicate a low degree of linear correlation of between two variables (a poor linear correlation).

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confidence: 99%

“…Since its birth one decade ago, the CRE mechanism has consistently proposed that both CRs and CFCs are major culprits for the ozone hole [2][3][4][5]. Moreover, it was shown in the original Letter [4] and in a recently published paper [5] that observed data do not agree with the pure CR mechanism that assumes CRs as the only variable to the ozone hole.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lu Replies:

2010

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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“…Much has been published since the 1980s on the topic of the polar region ozone holes (Mulder, 2005;Morgenstern et al, 2008;Newman et al, 2009). Active geophysicists think that expansion and contraction of these holes are also directly affected by extra-terrestrial cosmic rays (Lu, 2009). Significantly for this expose, CFCs can, literally, be inexpensively transformed into a storable, mineralized deposit (Burdeniuc and Crabtree, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Anthropic Rock: a brief history

Cathcart¹

2011

Hist. Geo Space. Sci.

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Abstract. Stone tool-making is a reductive process. Synthetic rock manufacturing, preeminently an additive process, will not for-ever be confined to only the Earth-biosphere. This brief focuses on humanity's ancient past, hodiernal and possible future even more massive than present-day creation of artificial rocks within our exploitable Solar System. It is mostly Earth-centric account that expands the factual generalities underlying the unique non-copyrighted systemic technogenic rock classification first publicly presented (to the American Geological Society) during 2001, by its sole intellectual innovator, James Ross Underwood, Jr. His pioneering, unique exposition of an organization of this ever-increasingly important aspect of the Anthropic Rock story, spatially expansive material lithification, here is given an amplified discussion for the broader geo and space science social group-purpose of encouragement of a completer 21st Century treatment of Underwood's explicative subject-chart (Fig. 2).

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“…However, despite its relevance, for example, to the fact that cosmic radiation levels influence Ozone levels in Earth's stratosphere, [1] studies of photoionization-induced molecular dynamics are rare because of the lack of appropriate experimental tools. Two key developments have changed this picture, making such studies now possible: 1) the development of femtosecond/attosecond sources of ionizing radiation employing the high harmonic generation (HHG) process; and 2) the development of sophisticated coincidence detection techniques that allow specific dissociation pathways to be identified in data.…”

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Molecular Dynamics with Ultrafast X-rays

Kapteyn

Ranitovic

Hogle

et al. 2012

Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII

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Ultrafast x-rays from high harmonic generation make possible new studies in molecular dynamics, for example of dynamics induced by ionizing radiation. I discuss our work on dynamics in polyatomic molecules, and other recent results.OCIS codes: (020.0020)Atomic and molecular physics; (300.6530)Spectroscopy, Ultrafast; (320.7120)Ultrafast PhenomenaIn general, when a small molecule is ionized by a high-energy photon, a large amount of energy deposited into the system can lead to very rapid dissociation dynamics. However, despite its relevance, for example, to the fact that cosmic radiation levels influence Ozone levels in Earth's stratosphere,[1] studies of photoionization-induced molecular dynamics are rare because of the lack of appropriate experimental tools. Two key developments have changed this picture, making such studies now possible: 1) the development of femtosecond/attosecond sources of ionizing radiation employing the high harmonic generation (HHG) process; and 2) the development of sophisticated coincidence detection techniques that allow specific dissociation pathways to be identified in data. This has made possible in recent years a new area of study in radiation femtochemistry. [2,3] Some of our recent work has focused on understanding fundamental issues in energy redistribution in diatomic and triatomic systems following photoionization. In triatomic molecules, we have studied N 2 O[4] and O 3 using timeresolved attosecond XUV (43 eV) and femtosecond IR pump/probe spectroscopy in combination with COLTRIMS 3D coincidence momentum imaging. In ozone, by comparing the time-resolved O 3 and O 2 fragmentation yields and kinetic energy releases (KER), we find that triatomic molecules show a remarkable ability to efficiently store excess energy in internal vibrational motion, as opposed to seeing this energy in the KER of the Coulomb-exploding fragments. This contrasts strongly with the case of diatomic molecules, where the fragments are atoms and this is not possible. We have also found that it is possible to influence dissociation branching ratios by using strong laser fields during the fist few tens-of-fs following photoionization, both setting the timescale for this energy partition in rapidly-dissociating systems and providing a mechanism for further understanding.In these experiments, XUV light at hν=43 eV is well above the double ionization threshold of O 3 ( fig. 1a). Upon the ionization, an O 3 2+ ion Coulomb explodes through an O 2 + + O + fragmentation channel, releasing a kinetic energy that reflects an internuclear separation of an O-O bond at the instant of ionization (fig 1b). By using ion/electron coincidence 3D momentum imaging (COLTRIMS), we can selectively observe the O 2 + + O + fragmentation channel. Fig. 1c shows a photo-ion photo-ion coincidence (PIPICO) time-of-flight spectrum that reveals two dominant fragmentation channels (Coulomb exploding Ozone and residual Oxygen gases). Figure 2 shows time-resolved KER and yield spectra of O 3 and O 2 in a presence of relatively delayed XUV (f...

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Correlation between Cosmic Rays and Ozone Depletion

Cited by 58 publications

References 32 publications

Lu Replies:

Lu Replies:

Anthropic Rock: a brief history

Molecular Dynamics with Ultrafast X-rays

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