Correlation Analysis of Heavy Metals Contents of Malva sylvestris L. plant and Its Extracts from Polluted and Non-polluted Locations in Niš, Republic of Serbia

Phytomanagement of a Trace Element-Contaminated Site to Produce a Natural Dye: First Screening of an Emerging Biomass Valorization Chain

“…Using XRF, Desideri et al [50] measured samples in Italy containing Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 0.6, 16.7, 1.5 and 40.8 µg g −1 of DW, respectively. Compared to the TE control concentration measured in the shoots on uncontaminated soil (Table 4), only Zn was slightly above the concentration reported in [46][47][48][49][50]. These different studies showed a slight variation of the TE concentration in uncontaminated conditions.…”

“…For the other TE, the concentrations were 6, 12, and 4.5 times higher than the values reported in the control plants for Cd, Pb and Zn, respectively (Table 4). The TE concentrations reported in contaminated sites or in the artificially contaminated soil varied considerably [30,49,51,52]. The Cd concentrations ranged between 0.24-3.5 µg g −1 and 33.5 µg g −1 when the soil was artificially contaminated [30,49,51,52].…”

“…Turkish studies have reported TE concentrations in mallow obtained at a local market (uncontaminated plant). For these four TE, the concentrations ranged between (µg g −1 of DW) Cd: 0.07, Cu: 7-10, Pb: 0.69-3.5, and Zn: 25.9-49.4 [46][47][48][49]. Using XRF, Desideri et al [50] measured samples in Italy containing Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 0.6, 16.7, 1.5 and 40.8 µg g −1 of DW, respectively.…”

“…The TE concentrations reported in contaminated sites or in the artificially contaminated soil varied considerably [30,49,51,52]. The Cd concentrations ranged between 0.24-3.5 µg g −1 and 33.5 µg g −1 when the soil was artificially contaminated [30,49,51,52]. For the Cu, Pb, and Zn, the literature concentrations were of 4.3-20 µg g −1 , 8-9 µg g −1 , and 75-400 µg g −1 , respectively [30,49,51].…”

“…The Cd concentrations ranged between 0.24-3.5 µg g −1 and 33.5 µg g −1 when the soil was artificially contaminated [30,49,51,52]. For the Cu, Pb, and Zn, the literature concentrations were of 4.3-20 µg g −1 , 8-9 µg g −1 , and 75-400 µg g −1 , respectively [30,49,51]. In our study, just the Zn concentrations values that were were above or similar to the highest value retrieved in these other experiments in contaminated conditions.…”