Correlation analysis of heat flux and cone calorimeter test data of commercial flame-retardant ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber

Chen, Ruiyu; Lu, Shouxiang; Li, Changhai; Ding, Yanming; Zhang, Bosi; Lo, Siuming

doi:10.1007/s10973-015-4900-x

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Meacham et al conducted fire growth simulations in passenger rail vehicles, and they also used small‐scale test data to evaluate fire risk of passenger rail vehicles. On the basis of the cone calorimeter test conducted by Chen, flammability properties of flame‐retardant EPDM rubber (metro train floor material) and GC composite (metro train seat material) were measured. Effects of external heat flux and sample thickness on combustion characteristics of EPDM and GC were investigated.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Comparing t ig , PHRR, and t p of those dividing walls in Wang's work and APCP in this work, it is found that fire hazard of the former material is lower than the latter. Chen proposed that PHRR values for the flame‐retardant EPDM rubber (used as FC in a metro train) under 25, 35, and 50 kW/m 2 are 52.7, 62.3, and 91 kW/m 2 , lower than those of the FC in this work. Corresponding values of t p are 575, 330, and 160 seconds, larger than those of the FC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…For the GRP with the bone‐colored GC, the APCP and FC in the works of White and Chiam, there are two HRR peaks observed in the HRR history when the radiative heat flux is higher than 25 kW/m 2 ; otherwise, single HRR peak is observed. In addition, for the FC (plywood, used in high‐speed trains) in Wang's work and the FC (flame‐retardant EPDM rubber, used in metro trains) in Chen's work, there are two peaks in the HRR history under 50 kW/m 2 . These results indicate that the FC in the present work performs worse than that in previous works concerning fire safety.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study on fire properties of interior materials used in low‐floor light‐rail trains

Kai

Zhang

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary In this work, cone calorimeter tests were conducted to investigate fire properties of interior materials (floor covering [FC], aluminum plate covered with paint [APCP], light diffuser [LD], and gel coat [GC]) used in low‐floor light‐rail trains. Ignition time (tig) of each material decreases with the increase of radiative heat flux. The decreasing order of the four samples by ignition time under the same radiative heat flux is LD > APCP > FC > GC. The heat release rate (HRR), peak value of HRR (PHRR), time from ignition to PHRR (tp), fire growth rate index (FIGRA), and fire growth index (FGI) rise with the increasing radiative heat flux. For the FC, LD, and GC, single HRR peak is observed in the HRR history while three peaks are observed for APCP. For PHRR, LD > FC > APCP > GC, while for tp, GC < FC < APCP < LD. Under most conditions, the FIGRA and FGI of the FC is the highest among the four materials. Results of this work are beneficial to evaluate fire hazard of low‐floor light‐rail train and determine the emphasis of fire prevention.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study on fire properties of interior materials used in low‐floor light‐rail trains

Kai

Zhang

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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“…The HRR follows a similar behavior to that of MLR with a heat flux q , [ 23 ] as shown in Equation ).

q^{'} = \frac{{Δ H}_{C}^{T}}{L} q + C

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Comparison of thermal and fire properties of carbon/epoxy laminate composites manufactured using two forming processes

Shen

et al. 2020

Polymer Composites

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Carbon/epoxy composites have been widely used in the aviation industry. However, the flammability of epoxy resins is of great concern within the industry. Currently, vacuum bag and autoclave forming processes are the most commonly used processes for composites. To compare the thermal and fire properties of carbon/epoxy laminate composites manufactured using these two forming processes, a comprehensive experimental investigation and theoretical analysis was carried out in this work. The glass transition temperatures and epoxy resin matrix content in composites were determined. Several thermal and fire properties were quantitatively evaluated, including onset decomposition temperature, time to ignition, mass loss rate (MLR), and heat release rate (HR). The morphologies of specimens before combustion were also observed. For vacuum bag (VB)‐C/ELC and A‐C/ELC, the critical heat flux (14.48 and 20.56 kW m−2), thermal response parameter (165.56 and 204.49 kW s1/2 m−2), heat of gasification (9.13 and 20.10 MJ kg−1), and theoretical heat of combustion (33.27 and 43.82 MJ kg−1) were calculated and compared using the thermal behavior model, MLR model, and heat release rate model, respectively. It has been found that the forming process can significantly affect the fire properties of carbon/epoxy laminate composites. More specifically, the carbon/epoxy laminate composites formed using autoclave forming processes have more combustion resistance and thus have improved fire properties.

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“…The combustion products of polymer materials contain a lot of toxic gases. CO and CO 2 are the main gases that cause death in fire [32,33]. CO is the most toxic and concentrated gas in fire.…”

Section: Smoke Production Rate and Total Smoke Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on the influence of different laying methods on the thermomechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composite

Wang

Zhang

Tian

et al. 2020

Mater. Res. Express

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The thermomechanical tests were carried out on the composite materials under different laying methods (thickness and angle) based on cone calorimetry, high temperature oxygen index method, vertical/horizontal combustion method and high temperature mechanics test method. The results show that the peak values of ignition time and heat release rate of carbon fiber/epoxy composite increase with the increase of the thickness of the layer. Time to peak is advanced. The mass loss rate increases. The high temperature oxygen index of the material increases. The vertical/horizontal combustion rate decreases. Time to reach peak production rate of CO/CO 2 is shortened. The peak value of smoke production rate decrease. The time needed to reach the peak of smoke production rate is longer. Total smoke emission increased. The flue gas release process lasts longer. The function model of mass loss rate and heat radiation intensity is obtained. The vaporization heat of carbon fiber/ epoxy composite with different thickness was calculated. The effects of laying angle on oxygen index, smoke production rate and CO/CO 2 parameters are not obvious. When the laying angle [0°/90°] is the same as the fire spreading direction, the vertical/horizontal burning speed is higher. The difference between the laying angle [±45°] and the flame spreading direction is beneficial to the smoke emission from the bottom layer. Total smoke emission increased. The mechanical properties of materials at high temperature are related to the laying angle. When the temperature is 150°C, the mechanical properties of the material are lower than that of 25°C. The fitting functions of high temperature mechanics in the range of 25°C−150°C were obtained. It can predict the mechanical properties of materials at different temperature points in this temperature range. IntrodutionCarbon fiber/epoxy composite has the advantages of light weight and high strength [1]. It has excellent thermal stability and good fatigue resistance. It has strong designability [2, 3]. Carbon fiber/epoxy composite is the main structural material in the field of aviation [4,5]. It is more and more applied to the main components, loadbearing structures, secondary structural materials and structural components of aerospace vehicles [6,7]. Especially in the field of general aviation, the amount of composite materials used in many small airplanes is even more than 90% of the structural weight [8]. However, when the epoxy matrix in the carbon fiber/epoxy composite is heated, it will decompose the combustible gas [9][10][11]. It will cause fire to the aircraft. Laying design is an important part of the structural design of carbon fiber/epoxy composite. The strength, rigidity and stability of the material are closely related to the laying method [12]. The important content of laying design is to define the thickness and angle of laying [13]. The change of the laying method has an impact on the performance of OPEN ACCESS RECEIVED

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Correlation analysis of heat flux and cone calorimeter test data of commercial flame-retardant ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber

Cited by 36 publications

References 35 publications

Experimental study on fire properties of interior materials used in low‐floor light‐rail trains

Experimental study on fire properties of interior materials used in low‐floor light‐rail trains

Comparison of thermal and fire properties of carbon/epoxy laminate composites manufactured using two forming processes

Experimental study on the influence of different laying methods on the thermomechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composite

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