Correlation Analysis between Grain Color and Cyanidin-3-glucoside Content of Rice Grain in Segregate Population

Abstract

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT This study examined the genetic variation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) contents in blackish-purple rice. F2 populations were established from crosses between blackish purple rice and normal white rice. The blackish rice cultivars used were Jilinheimi, Heidao38, LK1A-2-12-1-1, Heugjinju, and No2, and the common white rice cultivars used were Hwachung super giant embryo and Heugbal. The purple pericarp color is known to be controlled by a set of dominant alleles, Pb (Prp-b) and Pp (Prp-a). In this study, the segregation of the black purple:brown:white pericarp in the F2 population was 9:3:4, demonstrating that the purple pericarp color was controlled by two dominant complementary genes. The F2 distribution of C3G showed continuous variation, with a tendency toward a lower level in all the crosses. However, some F2 crosses, such as Jilinheimi/Heidao38 and Jilinheimi/LK1A-2-12-1-1, showed transgressive segregation of the C3G content. C3G content of Jilinheimi linked on 84% level in C3G content of F2 population between Jilinheimi/Heidao38, and 41.3% level in Jilinheimi/LK1A-2-12-1-1. The results of the color difference meter and C3G content analysed by HPLC revealed highly significant correlations between the seed coat color of the colored rice germplasm and that of the segregated populations. There was a significant positive correlation between the C3G content with L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness). The a* (redness) was different in each cross, but there was a significant positive correlation between the C3G content with L* and b*.

The Genetic Basis and Nutritional Benefits of Pigmented Rice Grain

“…Anthocyanins are responsible for the black-purple pigmentation in rice grain. The variation seen in pigmentation intensity has been taken to imply that the trait is under polygenic control, involving as yet unidentified genes (Ham et al, 2015). A number of publications report the identification of rice genes that regulate anthocyanin production, each adopting a different gene coding system, which only adds to the confusion.…”

“…Other studies found the purple pericarp trait to be genetically determined by the dominant complementary genes Pb (synonym Prp-b) and Pp (synonym Prp-a), mapping to chromosomes 4 and 1, respectively ( Table 2; Rahman et al, 2013;Ham et al, 2015). While the product of Pb appears to be responsible for the accumulation of pigment in the pericarp of brown grain, that of Pp increases the amount of the pigment, giving rise to purple grain.…”

Anatomical and Image Analysis of Grain Coloration in Rye

“…Grain color analysis of uncolored, red and black rice, shows that white rice varieties have the highest values of L*, b*, h* and the lowest a*, red rice varieties have the maximum value of a* and C*, and black rice is characterized by the minimum values of L*, b* and C*. The correlations between coordinates and TAC calculated for colored and uncolored varieties together have insignificant P values [23]. However, their direction (positive or negative) coincides with the correlations calculated for colored grapes.…”

“…Twenty six accessions were divided into five groups in accordance with the color of their grains and genes of anthocyanin pigmentation. These groups were named according to the previous publication [5] as anthocyinin-less (#1-7), yellow-grained (#8-11), brown-grained (#12-15), green-grained (# [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], and violet-grained (# [23][24][25][26]. The results were analyzed by comparing the means in five groups of lines using ANOVA and Turkey's test at P≤ 0.05.…”

“…In these lines, the yellow color of the grains is attributable to homozygosity for recessive alleles of the genes Vs and C [3]. In accordance to rye genetics the dominant allele C leads to green grain (# [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], and Vs -to violet one (# [23][24][25][26]. Brown grain is due to the combination of the allele Vs with the homozygosity for recessive mutations vi1 (# [12][13][14] or vi2 (#15).…”