Correlation Analyses of the Oral Biofilm Growth Inhibition towards Hydrophobicity Reduction of Oral Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract

Subsequently, other Gram-positive bacteria like Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces israelii, and Actinomyces gerencseriae, as well as Gramnegative bacteria like Veillonella parvula, join the biofilm community. 5 The supragingival dental plaque predominantly hosts oral bacterial species such as Lactobacilli, Streptococci, and Bifidobacterial. [6][7][8][9] These bacteria and many other commensal species form a complex biofilm community in the oral cavity. While most of these species are commensal, some act as low-level opportunistic pathogens and contribute to the development of dental caries. 5,[10][11][12][13][14] Several factors influence the composition and growth of the oral microbiota, including drug treatment, dietary habits, systemic diseases, endogenous nutrients, and the host's immune system. 4,[15][16][17] Saliva plays a crucial role in providing nutrients for the oral microbial ecosystem. However, a decrease in saliva production can increase opportunistic pathogens, such as fungi and non-pathogenic bacteria. Systemic diseases that elevate glucose levels in saliva also affect bacterial nutrition. These changes in the oral ecosystem directly impact the dysbiosis of bacterial biofilms and contribute to dental deterioration. 16,18 The ability of bacteria to adhere to a surface is crucial for forming biofilms. In the case of oral bacteria, their attachment to the tooth surface is determined by the interaction between bacterial cells and the surface. 19 This initial attachment is facilitated by hydrophobic interactions, which play a significant role in the process. The success of this interaction depends on factors such as the structure of the bacterial