Correlating river terrace remnants using an Equotip hardness tester: An example from the Miño River, northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Alberti, Augusto Pérez; Gomes, Ana; Trenhaile, Alan S.; Oliveira, M. Rosário; Horacio, Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.03.017

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In this study, an Equotip 3 with a D-type probe was used to map variations in weakening of the stone surface. This equipment was originally developed for the testing of metals [22], but is now used in both natural settings [23,24] and the built environment [25]. The surface hardness is measured through rebound of a 3 mm diameter spherical tungsten carbide test tip against the rock surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where an impact had taken place the area directly adjacent to the repairs was measured, rather than on the infill of the indentation left by the ballistic, which would merely have measured the strength of the lime mortar rather than the damage to stonework. The mean hardness value, presented in the figures, was calculated using 10 repetitions of impact measurements at each sample site, following previously established procedure of using multiple measurements in one surface area to offset outliers [24,40,41].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939

Mol

Gómez-Heras

2018

Herit Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Conflict damage to heritage has been thrust into the global spotlight during recent conflict in the Middle East. While the use of social media has heightened and enhanced public awareness of this 'cultural terrorism' , the occurrence of this type of vandalism is not new. In fact, as this study demonstrates, evidence of the active targeting of sites, as well as collateral damage when heritage is caught in crossfire, is widely visible around Europe and further afield. Using a variety of case studies ranging from the 1640s to the 1930s, we illustrate and quantify the changing impact of ballistics on heritage buildings as weaponry and ammunition have increased in both energy and energy density potential. In the first instance, this study highlights the increasing threats to heritage in conflict areas. Second, it argues for the pressing need to quantify and map damage to the stonework in order to respond to these challenges.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939

Mol

Gómez-Heras

2018

Herit Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The stratigraphic order of rock units, their erodibility, and their orientations and dips are fundamental controls of landscape development (Forte et al, 2016). Alberti et al (2013) described a method to distinguish river terrace levels based on rock clast hardness and degree of weathering measured with an Equotip. This was employed to measure the hardness of quartzite clasts as a proxy for the degree of weathering of the deposits and therefore of their relative age.…”

Section: Fluvial Landformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of rock control in geomorphology

Goudie

2016

Earth-Science Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…As well as being more variable than data from the Schmidt Hammer (Viles et al , ), it is likely that Equotip data obtained from porous and/or weathered rock and stone surfaces will be non‐normally (asymmetrically) distributed. Accordingly Hansen et al () and Alberti et al () find that Equotip data derived from on‐site measurements on weathered stone are affected. Nevertheless, standard parametric statistical methods were employed [e.g.…”

Section: Challenges For Using Equotip Devices On Rock and Stone Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low impact surface hardness testing (Equotip) on porous surfaces – advances in methodology with implications for rock weathering and stone deterioration research

Wilhelm

Viles

Burke

2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Equotip surface hardness tester is becoming a popular method for rock and stone weathering research. In order to improve the reliability of Equotip for on‐site application this study tested four porous limestones under laboratory conditions. The range of stone porosity was chosen to represent likely porosities found in weathered limestones in the field. We consider several key issues: (i) its suitability for soft and porous stones; (ii) the type of probe required for specific on‐site applications; (iii) appropriate (non‐parametrical) statistical methods for Equotip data; (iv) sufficient sampling size. This study shows that the Equotip is suitable for soft and porous rock and stone. From the two tested probes the DL probe has some advantages over the D probe as it correlates slightly better with open porosity and allows for more controlled sampling in recessed areas and rough or curved areas. We show that appropriate sampling sizes and robust non‐parametric methods for subsequent data evaluation can produce meaningful measures of rock surface hardness derived from the Equotip. The novel Hybrid dynamic hardness, a combination of two measuring procedures [single impact method (SIM) and repeated impact method (RIM)], has been adapted and is based on median values to provide a more robust data evaluation. For the tested stones in this study we propose a sample size of 45 readings (for a confidence level of 95%). This approach can certainly be transferred to stone and rock with similar porosities and hardness. Our approach also allows for consistent comparisons to be made across a wide variety of studies in the fields of rock weathering and stone deterioration research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

Correlating river terrace remnants using an Equotip hardness tester: An example from the Miño River, northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Cited by 31 publications

References 52 publications

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939

Bullet impacts and built heritage damage 1640–1939

Quantification of rock control in geomorphology

Low impact surface hardness testing (Equotip) on porous surfaces – advances in methodology with implications for rock weathering and stone deterioration research

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About