Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents

Smıth, Lee; Jacob, Louis; Yakkundi, Anita; McDermott, Daragh T.; Armstrong, Nicola C.; Barnett, Yvonne; Sánchez, Guillermo Felipe López; Martin, Suzanne; Butler, Laurie; Tully, Mark A.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113138

Cited by 348 publications

(415 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This nding coincides with our study as it raised almost similar levels (moderate to very high level) of psychological distress (62.6%) among the study participants. A study from the UK showed that the prevalence of poor mental health was 37% amongst participants who were in isolation or maintaining social distancing, where poor mental health was de ned as having moderate to severe depressive symptoms and anxiety [26]. Similarly, the Australian Bureau of Statistics had been collecting COVID-19 impact survey data fortnightly involving a representative sample of over 1,000 adults across Australia, and ndings indicated twice as many adults experiencing anxiety, nervousness and restlessness compared to pre-COVID surveillance data [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All items were scored, and the total score categorised into low (score 10-15), moderate (score [16][17][18][19][20][21], high (score 22-29) and very high (score 30-50). FCV-19S has seven items and the response to each item was also measured using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat agree, strongly agree), with scores categorised into low (score 7-21) and high (score [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. BRCS has four items and responses were collected again using a 5-point Likert scale (does not describe me at all, does not describe me, neutral, describes me, describes me very well), with scores similarly categorised into low (score 4-13), medium (score 14-16) and high (score 17-20) resilient copers.…”

Section: Study Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each study participant read the consent form along with plain language summary and ticked their consent in the online form prior to accessing the study questionnaire. * Cardiac diseases/Stroke/Hypertension/Hyperlipidaemia/Diabetes/Cancer/Chronic respiratory illness 19.6 (7.6) Range 10 to 45 Level of psychological distress (K10 categories) 547 Low (score [10][11][12][13][14][15] 205 (37.5) Moderate (score [16][17][18][19][20][21] 160 (29.3) High (score [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] 111 (20.3) Very high (score 71 (13.0)…”

Section: Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent To Participatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

Rahman

Hoque²,

Alif

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the personal, professional and social life of Australians with some people more impacted than others. Objectives: This study aimed to identify factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among residents in Australia, including patients, frontline health and other essential service workers, and community members during June 2020. Psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10); level of fear was assessed using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S); and coping strategies were assessed using the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the extent of psychological distress, level of fear and coping strategies while adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Among 587 participants, the majority (391, 73.2%) were 30-59 years old and female (363, 61.8%). More than half (349, 59.5%) were born outside Australia and two-third (418, 71.5%) completed at least a Bachelor’s degree. The majority (401, 71.5%) had a source of income, 243 (42.3%) self-identified as a frontline worker, and 335 (58.9%) reported financial impact due to COVID-19. Comorbidities such as pre-existing mental health conditions (AOR 3.13, 95% CIs 1.12-8.75), increased smoking (8.66, 1.08-69.1) and alcohol drinking (2.39, 1.05-5.47) over the last four weeks, high levels of fear (2.93, 1.83-4.67) and being female (1.74, 1.15-2.65) were associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Perceived distress due to change of employment status (4.14, 1.39-12.4), alcohol drinking (3.64, 1.54-8.58), providing care to known or suspected cases (3.64, 1.54-8.58), being female (1.56, 1.00-2.45), being 30-59 years old (2.29, 1.21-4.35) and having medium to high levels of psychological distress (2.90, 1.82-5.62) were associated with a higher level of fear; while healthcare service use in the last four weeks was associated with medium to high resilience. Conclusions: This study identified individuals who were at higher risk of distress and fear during the COVID-19 pandemic specifically in the State of Victoria, Australia. Specific interventions to support the mental wellbeing of these individuals should be considered in addition to the existing resources within primary healthcare settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent To Participatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

Rahman

Hoque²,

Alif

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…When asked retrospectively, 25.4% of the Chinese general public reported feeling that their mental health had deteriorated since the pandemic began [ 5 ]. Elevated mental health problems are also present among adults in the United Kingdom [ 8 ], Spanish university students and staff [ 9 ] and adults in the United States, where 43.3% reported high levels of depression and 45.4% reported high levels of anxiety [ 10 ]. Similarly, in Denmark, the general population’s psychological well-being was lower during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to data collected in 2016 [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These potentially detrimental effects of information seeking could perhaps be due to having constant access to information about the pandemic through the Internet, which could have harmful effects [ 4 , 32 ], as well as traditional media not being updated throughout the day with multiple stories on how the disease manifests. The potential harm of information seeking can also be seen among young adults, who are more likely to use the Internet to access information and are more susceptible to psychological symptoms during COVID-19 [ 2 , 4 , 8 , 13 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: The Role of Locus on Control and Internet Use

Sigurvinsdóttir

Þórisdóttir

Gylfason

2020

IJERPH

115

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The true extent of the mental health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic are unclear, but early evidence suggests poorer mental health among those exposed to the pandemic. The Internet may have differential effects, by both connecting people with resources, or reinforce the constant checking of negative information. Moreover, locus of control becomes important in an uncontrollable pandemic. The current study aimed to examine whether exposure to COVID-19 would relate to greater symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and to examine the role of internet use and locus of control. Adults in the United States and five European countries (N = 1723) answered an online survey through the website Mturk. Results show elevated psychological symptoms among those who have become infected with COVID-19 or perceive themselves to be at high risk if infected. Experience using the Internet relates to fewer symptoms, but information seeking is associated with more symptoms. Internet social capital relates to fewer symptoms of depression. Having an external locus of control relates to greater symptoms. These findings suggest that public health officials need to focus on the mental health effects of the pandemic, and that internet use and locus of control could be targets to improve mental health in the population.

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The relationship among psychological distress, well‐being and excessive social media use during the outbreak of Covid‐19: A longitudinal investigation

Brailovskaia

Margraf

Ceccatelli

et al. 2023

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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IntroductionThe corona pandemic has been a life event causing negative consequences on mental health. Mental health consists of positive and negative dimensions. The present longitudinal study investigated how positive and negative dimensions changed over 15 months after the Covid‐19 outbreak. Potential changes of excessive social media use (SMU) and its relationship with mental health were also investigated.MethodData (N = 189) on distress (measured overall and as depression, anxiety, and stress), well‐being and excessive SMU were collected at three time points (baseline, BL; 3‐month follow‐up, FU1; 15‐month follow‐up, FU2) via online surveys in Italy. Repeated analyses of variance were used to test differences among the three measurement time points. Mediational models were applied.ResultsDistress did not change over time, well‐being decreased and excessive SMU increased significantly. The relationship between distress at BL and excessive SMU at FU2 was significant (total effect, c: p < .001). The relationship between distress at BL and well‐being at FU1 (a: p < .001), and between well‐being at FU1and excessive SMU at FU2 (b: p = .004) was significant. Including FU1 well‐being in the model, the relationship between distress at BL and excessive SMU at FU2 was not significant (direct effect, c′: p = .078). The indirect effect (ab) was significant.ConclusionWell‐being mediated the relationship between baseline stress and excessive SMU. Enhanced stress may reduce well‐being which, in turn, increases the risk of excessive SMU. This emphasizes the urgency of programmes that foster well‐being, especially during stressful events such as a pandemic.

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Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents

Cited by 348 publications

References 25 publications

Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: The Role of Locus on Control and Internet Use

The relationship among psychological distress, well‐being and excessive social media use during the outbreak of Covid‐19: A longitudinal investigation

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