“…That said, evidence from Western studies has shown that single item of positive affect measures such as happiness or satisfaction are often sufficient (e.g., Scarpello & Campbell, 1983;Wanous, Reichers, & Hudy, 1997). Although little is known as to what degree the single item of parental satisfaction is sufficient to capture the construct in the Chinese settings, a previous study by the authors (Yang & Wen, 2016) found that this single item of parental dissatisfaction was significantly associated with several conceputally relevant constructs such as getting along with offspring; offspring meeting parental expectations in terms of providing emotional, practical, and financial support; and offspring being filial, supporting this single item's construct validity. Second, no causal inferences can be made due to the cross-sectional nature of the survey design, and reverse causality and the bidirectionality of the relationships are also likely.…”