Correlates of Nicotine Dependence in U.K. Resident Yemeni Khat Chewers: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

In this study, smoking prevalence was high. Smoking increased during khat chewing. Nicotine dependence levels correlated positively with khat dependence levels, while higher social participation reduced nicotine dependence.

Qat Chewing and Risk of Potentially Malignant and Malignant Oral Disorders: A Systematic Review

“…[60][61][62] In a study of 204 male Qat chewers identified from Qat outlets in the UK, 21% used tobacco only when chewing Qat, and 44% were daily cigarette smokers. 63 While between 12% and 30% Qat chewers reported initiations of tobacco smoking with Qat chewing, apparently Qat is also a "getaway" from tobacco smoking.…”

“…20 The co-occurrence of Qat chewing and tobacco smoking is increasing and is reported mainly amongst Qat chewers in the diasporas. 61,63 Women and men may use different tobacco products during Qat sessions, as there are different forms of tobacco (cigarettes smoking, water pipe smoking, and smokeless tobacco Shamma) available in the countries where Qat is used. For example, Nakajima, et al, reported that the number of cigarettes smoked during a Qat session was higher among men than among women, whereas the frequency of water pipe use during the session was higher among women than men.…”

Level of khat dependence, use patterns, and psychological correlates in Yemen: a cross-sectional investigation

“…Khat is used commonly in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (3), with reports indicating that 80-90% of East African males use khat daily and 10-60% of East African females use khat daily (4,5). Khat is also consumed by immigrants from these regions who reside in western countries, including the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (6).…”

“…One study reported that 65% of their sample of UK resident Yemeni subjects were regular cigarette smokers and that khat users smoked to enhance the impact of their khat chewing (6). Increased severity of dependence correlated positively nicotine dependence (6).…”

Validity and Reliability of the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence in a Sample of Arabic Speaking UK-Resident Yemeni Khat Chewers

“…Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample were collected using a pre-piloted questionnaire (Kassim & Croucher, 2011). Levels (high and low) of cigarette dependence were measured using FTCD (Heatherton et al, 1991) as well as different levels of cigarette dependence (very low, low and medium) (Fagerstrom & Kozlowski, 1990).…”