Correlates of bone mineral density in the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions trial

Abstract

We assessed the cross-sectional relationship of age, menopausal years, body mass, previous estrogen use, and ethnic background to bone mineral status in a sample of 875 healthy postmenopausal women at the time they were recruited from the community to participate in a multicenter clinical trial. The women were 1-10 years postmenopause, 45-64 years of age, and had not received estrogen replacement therapy within 3 months of enrollment. Of the participants, 89% were white, 69% had a spontaneous menopause, and 53% had a history of previous estrogen replacement therapy. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (L2-4) and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results were consistent with a significant negative linear regression of BMD on age or years from menopause. Body mass index (BMI) correlated significantly with BMD at all sites (L 2-4 r = 0.28; femoral neck r = 0.34, p < 0.0001). BMD adjusted for age and BMI were higher at both sites in women who had taken estrogen versus those who had not (L2-4 0.976 +/- 0.009 versus 0.932 +/- 0.01; femoral neck 0.740 +/- 0.006 versus 0.708 +/- 0.008, p < 0.05). Adjusted BMD also increased with duration of ERT. Parity was negatively associated with L2-4 BMD (p = 0.03) but did not correlate significantly with BMD at the femoral neck. Black women had the highest L2-4 BMD, and Hispanic women had the highest femoral neck BMD, even when results were adjusted for age and BMI. When data were corrected for differences in bone size, these interethnic differences were no longer significant. We conclude that increased body mass is positively correlated with BMD, and this may confer a degree of skeletal protection to heavier postmenopausal women. Exposure for 5 years to exogenous estrogen is associated with significantly increased age- and BMI-adjusted BMD.

Bone Mineral Density in Relation to Metabolic Syndrome Components in Postmenopausal Women With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

“…Obesity or high body mass index (BMI) has a protective eff ect against excessive bone loss with aging [1][2][3][4] . Th is is probably a result of enhanced osteoblast diff erentiation due to heavier mechanical loading of bone, whereas hyperinsulinemia may promote bone formation 5 .…”

Effect of daidzein, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor or estrogen on gastrocnemius muscle of osteoporotic rats undergoing tibia healing period

“…A decline in estrogen production at menopause is associated with the failure to maintain muscle mass (Aloia et al 1991). Loss in muscle strength appears to occur more rapidly than does the loss in bone mineral density after the onset of menopause (Marcus et al 1994). Loss in muscle strength leads to a physical frailty, increasing risk of osteoporotic fracture, and may impair the fracture healing process to some extent.…”

Association between bone mineral density and metabolic syndrome in pre- and postmenopausal women

“…MS is a cluster of conditions with detrimental effects on cardiovascular health and has a strong association with low grade inflammation [6]. Obesity or high BMI is known to be a protecting factor against excessive bone loss in aging [7][8][9][10]. However, inflammation is more severe in subjects with high insulin resistance than in those with low insulin resistance [11,12], even-circumference at the bending point was measured in centimeters with the participant wearing only a single layer of clothes.…”