Correlated and uncorrelated invisible temporal white noise alters mesopic rod signaling

Hathibelagal, Amithavikram R.; Feigl, Beatrix; Kremers, Jan; Zele, Andrew J.

doi:10.1364/josaa.33.000a93

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…The rationale for expected loss in rod-dominated diseases is based on the previous findings that ON pathway defects are known to be associated with rod system dysfunction [24]. Therefore, the ON pathway function can potentially provide a surrogate marker of rod function, which is typically difficult to measure without dark adaptation and elaborate individual calibration [25]. Thus the implications of the test go well beyond the assessment of ON and OFF visual pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

Hathibelagal

Prajapati

Jayagopi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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PurposeSimple psychophysical paradigm is available as a digital application in iOS devices such as iPad to measure the function of ON and OFF visual pathways. However, an age-matched normative database is not readily available. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the response of ON and OFF visual pathways as a function of age.Methods158 normal healthy adults (84 males and 74 females) whose age ranged 18-80 years participated in the study. None of them had any ocular disease (except cataract of grade II or less) and visual acuity of ≤ 20/25. Monocular testing (only one eye) was performed on the ‘EyeSpeed’ application on an iPad at 40cm distance. The targets ranged between 1 to 3 light or dark squares presented randomly in a noise background and participants responded by indicating the number of squares by touching the screen as fast as possible. The main outcome variables are reaction time, accuracy and performance index (1 / speed * accuracy).ResultsThe median reaction time was shorter (Median (IQR): 1.53s (0.49) [dark] Vs 1.76s (0.58) [light], p < 0.001) and accuracy was higher (97.21% (3.30) [dark] Vs 95.15% (5.10) [light], p < 0.001) for dark targets than the light targets. Performance index and reaction time for both target types significantly correlated with age (ρ = −0.41 to −0.43; p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis normative database will be useful to quantify disease-specific defects. More importantly, the ON pathway function can potentially serve as a surrogate for rod photoreceptor function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

Hathibelagal

Prajapati

Jayagopi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Temporal white noise (TWN) randomly modulates the S-cone, M-cone, L-cone and Rod photoreceptor excitations (40% Michelson contrast) 23 , 24 without changing the melanopsin photoreceptor excitation. The noise is generated in the frequency domain by assigning fixed amplitudes to all frequencies between 0 and 30 Hz and randomly varying phase (0–359°).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanopsin photoreception contributes to human visual detection, temporal and colour processing

Zele

Feigl

Adhikari

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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The visual consequences of melanopsin photoreception in humans are not well understood. Here we studied melanopsin photoreception using a technique of photoreceptor silent substitution with five calibrated spectral lights after minimising the effects of individual differences in optical pre-receptoral filtering and desensitising penumbral cones in the shadow of retinal blood vessels. We demonstrate that putative melanopsin-mediated image-forming vision corresponds to an opponent S-OFF L + M-ON response property, with an average temporal resolution up to approximately 5 Hz, and >10x higher thresholds than red-green colour vision. With a capacity for signalling colour and integrating slowly changing lights, melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells maybe the fifth photoreceptor type for peripheral vision.

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“…The inter-stimulus interval included temporal white noise that randomly modulated the S–cone, M–cone, L–cone, and rod photoreceptor excitations (40% Michelson contrast) (44, 45) without changing the melanopsin photoreceptor excitation (10). The purpose of the temporal white noise is to limit the effect of any non-melanopsin photoreceptor absorptions on the melanopsin-directed pupil responses by desensitizing penumbral cones in the shadow of the retinal vasculature; for the 17% Weber contrast, melanopsin-directed pulse on the 2000 Td adaptation field, the penumbral L–, M–, and S–cone contrasts were 0.2, 0.5, and 0.6%, respectively and the rod contrast was 0.2%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanopsin and Cone Photoreceptor Inputs to the Afferent Pupil Light Response

Zele¹,

Adhikari²,

Cao³

et al. 2019

Front. Neurol.

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Background: Retinal photoreceptors provide the main stage in the mammalian eye for regulating the retinal illumination through changes in pupil diameter, with a small population of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) forming the primary afferent pathway for this response. The purpose of this study is to determine how melanopsin interacts with the three cone photoreceptor classes in the human eye to modulate the light-adapted pupil response. Methods: We investigated the independent and combined contributions of the inner and outer retinal photoreceptor inputs to the afferent pupil pathway in participants with trichromatic color vision using a method to independently control the excitations of ipRGCs, cones and rods in the retina. Results: We show that melanopsin-directed stimuli cause a transient pupil constriction generated by cones in the shadow of retinal blood vessels; desensitizing these penumbral cone signals uncovers a signature melanopsin pupil response that includes a longer latency (292 ms) and slower time (4.1x) and velocity (7.7x) to constriction than for cone-directed stimuli, and which remains sustained post-stimulus offset. Compared to melanopsin-mediated pupil responses, the cone photoreceptor-initiated pupil responses are more transient with faster constriction latencies, higher velocities and a secondary constriction at light offset. The combined pupil responses reveal that melanopsin signals are additive with the cone signals. Conclusions: The visual system uses the L–, M–, and S–cone photoreceptor inputs to the afferent pupil pathway to accomplish the tonic modulations of pupil size to changes in image contrast. The inner retinal melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs mediate the longer-term, sustained pupil constriction to set the light-adapted pupil diameter during extended light exposures.

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Correlated and uncorrelated invisible temporal white noise alters mesopic rod signaling

Cited by 20 publications

References 90 publications

Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

Melanopsin photoreception contributes to human visual detection, temporal and colour processing

Melanopsin and Cone Photoreceptor Inputs to the Afferent Pupil Light Response

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