Corrections to "Sensitization to the Yeast Malassezia Sympodialis Is Specific for Extrinsic and Intrinsic Atopic Eczema"

Casagrande, Barbra Fischer; Flückiger, Sabine; Linder, Maria Tengvall; Johansson, Catharina; Scheynius, Annika; Crameri, Reto; Schmid‐Grendelmeier, Peter

doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700499

Cited by 13 publications

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“…Especially in atopic dermatitis, Malassezia yeast act as an allergenic aggravating factor rather than as infectious agents. Among the Malassezia species, sensitization to M. sympodialis is highly specific for patients with atopic eczema and does not occur in patients with only inhalant allergies, urticaria, or allergic contact dermatitis 25 . Therefore, the accurate identification of the Malassezia species is important to determine the pathogenesis of Malassezia yeasts in a variety of skin diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Nested PCR and RFLP for Identification and Classification of Malassezia Yeasts from Healthy Human Skin

Song

Lee

et al. 2009

Ann Dermatol

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Background: Malassezia yeasts are normal flora of the skin found in 75∼98% of healthy subjects. The accurate identification of the Malassezia species is important for determining the pathogenesis of the Malassezia yeasts with regard to various skin diseases such as Malassezia folliculitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. Objective: This research was conducted to determine a more accurate and rapid molecular test for the identification and classification of Malassezia yeasts. Methods: We compared the accuracy and efficacy of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Malassezia yeasts. Results: Although both methods demonstrated rapid and reliable results with regard to identification, the nested PCR method was faster. However, 7 different Malassezia species (1.2%) were identified by the nested PCR compared to the RFLP method. Conclusion: Our results show that RFLP method was relatively more accurate and reliable for the detection of various Malassezia species compared to the nested PCR. But, in the aspect of simplicity and time saving, the latter method has its own advantages. In addition, the 26S rDNA, which was targeted in this study, contains highly conserved base sequences and enough sequence variation for inter-species identification of Malassezia yeasts. (Ann Dermatol 21(4) 352

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Nested PCR and RFLP for Identification and Classification of Malassezia Yeasts from Healthy Human Skin

Song

Lee

et al. 2009

Ann Dermatol

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“…Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were also recently described as colonizer organisms of CF patients [140,141]. A significant proportion of other identified species were fungi also detected in patients with asthma (Didymella exitialis, Penicillium camemberti), allergic responses (A. penicilloides and Eurotium halophilicum) [142,143], or infectious diseases (Kluyveromyces lactis, Malassezia sp., Cryptococci non-neoformans, Chalara sp.) [144].…”

Section: Fungi Inhabiting the Respiratory Tract: The Lung Mycobiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

2014

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Human holobiomes are networks of mutualistic interactions between human cells and complex communities of bacteria and fungi that colonize the human body. The immune system must tolerate colonization with commensal bacteria and fungi but defend against invasion by either organism. Molecular ecological surveys of the human prokaryotic microbiota performed to date have revealed a remarkable degree of bacterial diversity and functionality. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the eukaryotic composition of the microbiota. In this review, we describe the ecology and the human niches of our fungal "fellow travelers" in both health and disease, discriminating between passengers, colonizers, and pathogens based on the interaction of these fungi with the human immune system. We conclude by highlighting the need to reconsider the etiology of many fungal and immune-related diseases in the context of the crosstalk between the human system and its resident microbial communities.Keywords: Dysbiosis r Fungal metagenomics r Host-microbe interaction r Mycobiota IntroductionHumans live in close association with a complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea [1][2][3], which inhabit their bodies. Many groups have surveyed these microbial populations using the so-called "next generation" or "deep" sequencing approaches, revealing that the human microbiota differs radically at various body sites and among individuals [2][3][4]. The differences in the human microbiota are influenced by the availability of nutrients, environmental exposure to microorganisms, and other sitespecific features, such as the immunological makeup of a given location. The origin of differences in the microbiota between individuals potentially reflects different patterns of colonization early in life (reviewed in [5]), different dietary regimens [6,7], and different environmental exposures, such as antibiotic use [8,9]. Recently, the application of deep sequencing approaches have genCorrespondence: Dr. Duccio Cavalieri e-mail: duccio.cavalieri@fmach.it erated novel hypotheses about the microbial determinants underlying human disorders of immune origin (reviewed in [10]). Several metabolites of the interaction between diet and host microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, have been shown to play a fundamental role in shaping immune responses (reviewed in [11]). The application of microbial ecology concepts is ultimately leading to the conclusion that health and disease can be understood only through an understanding of the ways in which the symbiotic interactions between microbes and human organs harmonically integrate in the context of the hologenome [12].Human microbial diversity is not limited to bacteria; microorganisms such as fungi also play major roles in the stability of microbial communities in human health and disease (reviewed in [13]). Yeasts were detected in human stool samples as far back as 1917, and by the mid-20th century the presence of yeasts in the human intestine was proposed to have a saprotrophic role [14]....

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“…Notably, sensitization to M. sympodialis may happen in atopic eczema patients with both forms of the disease. Furthermore, sensitization to Malassezia yeasts is specific for the skin manifestations of this disease and does not happen in atopic patients with mostly respiratory symptoms like rhinoconjuctivitis and/or asthma or in patients with other hypersensitivity skin syndromes, like urticaria (48). The extent of this sensitization varies according to the recombinant allergen used for testing and is greater for antigens that could present higher degrees of cross-reactivity with human proteins, such as Mala s 6, which demonstrates structural similarity with cyclophilin (Table 10).…”

Section: Atopic Eczemamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Malassezia Genus in Skin and Systemic Diseases

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY In the last 15 years, the genus Malassezia has been a topic of intense basic research on taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, immunology, and metabolomics. Currently, the genus encompasses 14 species. The 1996 revision of the genus resulted in seven accepted taxa: M. furfur , M. pachydermatis , M. sympodialis , M. globosa , M. obtusa , M. restricta , and M. slooffiae. In the last decade, seven new taxa isolated from healthy and lesional human and animal skin have been accepted: M. dermatis , M. japonica , M. yamatoensis , M. nana , M. caprae , M. equina , and M. cuniculi. However, forthcoming multidisciplinary research is expected to show the etiopathological relationships between these new species and skin diseases. Hitherto, basic and clinical research has established etiological links between Malassezia yeasts, pityriasis versicolor, and sepsis of neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Their role in aggravating seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis, and onychomycosis, though often supported by histopathological evidence and favorable antifungal therapeutic outcomes, remains under investigation. A close association between skin and Malassezia IgE binding allergens in atopic eczema has been shown, while laboratory data support a role in psoriasis exacerbations. Finally, metabolomic research resulted in the proposal of a hypothesis on the contribution of Malassezia -synthesized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands to basal cell carcinoma through UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis.

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Corrections to "Sensitization to the Yeast Malassezia Sympodialis Is Specific for Extrinsic and Intrinsic Atopic Eczema"

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of Nested PCR and RFLP for Identification and Classification of Malassezia Yeasts from Healthy Human Skin

Comparison of Nested PCR and RFLP for Identification and Classification of Malassezia Yeasts from Healthy Human Skin

Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease

The Malassezia Genus in Skin and Systemic Diseases

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