Correction: Yang, J., et al. Phase Imbalance Analysis of GF-3 Along-Track InSAR Data and Ocean Current Measurements. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 269

Yang, Junxin; Yuan, Xiaojun; Han, Bing; Zhao, Liangbo; Sun, Jianbao; Shang, Mingyang; Wang, Xiaochen; Ding, Chibiao

doi:10.3390/rs13040540

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Another scenario is that these scatterers with relatively large permittivity in the regolith layer are probably broken pieces of glass-bearing breccia projectiles that were excavated from the consolidated bottom and walls of pre-existing small craters within the lunar regolith rather than from deeper hard igneous rocks (Lin et al 2020). The thickness of the surface layer is ∼5.7-15.6 m with an average depth of 11.8 m based on the permittivity value and the two-way time delay of the radar signals, our results are consistent with ∼11.1 m from Wang et al (2021).…”

Section: Stratigraphic Structuresupporting

confidence: 84%

Sub-surface stratification and dielectric permittivity distribution at the Chang’E-4 landing site revealed by the lunar penetrating radar

Chen

Xie

et al. 2022

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Context. In 2019, China’s Chang’E-4 (CE-4) probe landed on the far side of the Moon: a first in lunar exploration. The Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) mounted on the Yutu-2 rover allows the mapping of the near-surface structure and the dielectric permittivity of the landing area. The dielectric properties of the lunar soil affect the propagation of the LPR signals, which can be used to infer the depth of sub-surface boundaries and derive the composition of the component materials. Aims. Our objectives are to estimate the fine-resolution spatial distribution of relative permittivity and to improve the interpretation of the geological processes combined with the radargram of the CE-4 landing area. Methods. We used a modified method that combines the F-K migration and the minimum entropy of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) signals to estimate the velocity and permittivity values; this has the advantage of obtaining the appropriate velocity and permittivity, even with the incomplete or unnoticeable hyperbolic curves in the radar image Results. The sub-surface stratification of the CE-4 landing area is seen in the first 31 lunar days of the LPR data. A fine-resolution dielectric permittivity profile ranging from ~2.3 to ~6.3 is obtained with our method, and the actual depths of the observed prominent sub-surface interfaces are determined, giving a maximum average depth of ~38 m. The thickness of the regolith layer is in the range of ~5.7–15.6 m, with an average of 11.8 m. The permittivity of the near-surface regolith (<30 cm) is ~2.78 ± 0.01, the bulk density is 1.57 ± 0.01 g cm−3, which is close to the results of ~1.61 g cm−3 at the Apollo 15 landing area. The permittivity map is consistent with the radargram; the regolith and the paleo-regolith layer have relatively low permittivity and low echo strengths, while the rock debris has high permittivity and shows strong echos in the radargram. Two buried craters of different diameters beneath the navigation sites 4–11 and 16–31 are revealed in the radar profile. The permittivity distribution map can show detailed variations of material properties both inside and outside craters.

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Section: Stratigraphic Structuresupporting

confidence: 84%

Sub-surface stratification and dielectric permittivity distribution at the Chang’E-4 landing site revealed by the lunar penetrating radar

Chen

Xie

et al. 2022

A&A

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“…On the 1st of December (UTC) 2020, China's Chang'e-5 lunar sample return spacecraft successfully landed on the northeastern Oceanus Procellarum (43.06 • N, 51.92 • W; Wang et al 2021) and returned 1731 g of samples to Earth on 16 December 2020. The landing site was later officially named Statio Tianchuan by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation age of the Rima Sharp sinuous rill on the Moon, source of the returned Chang’e-5 samples

Qiao

2022

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Context. In December 2020, China’s Chang’e-5 spacecraft successfully returned 1731 g of lunar samples to Earth. Rima Sharp, one of the longest sinuous rilles on the Moon, lies very near (<20 km) to the Chang’e-5 sampling site and is very likely to be the source of the returned samples. Constraining its formation age would provide key references for the ongoing sample analyses. Aims. Our intent is to obtain the accurate formation ages of Rima Sharp and related lunar rilles through crater population studies and to assess their implications for the Chang’e-5 sample analyses and interpretations. Methods. We utilized two separate techniques to measure and analyze craters that were formed after the formation of the studied sinuous rilles: the conventional crater statistics for the rille floors and the buffered crater statistics that are specialized in the dating of narrow linear features. We were able to carefully compare the results derived from the two methods and estimate the formation ages of these rilles. Results. We suggest that the buffered crater statistic method produces more reliable ages for the studies rilles than the conventional method. The formation sequence of sinuous rilles around the Chang’e-5 site is proposed as follows, in chronological order: Rimae Harpalus, Louville, Sharp, and Mairan. The basalt samples returned by Chang’e-5 are likely to have mainly been sourced from Rima Sharp, with an estimated age of ~1.7 Ga based on the crater N(1) value (spatial density of craters ±1 km in diameter) of (2.10 ± 0.20) × 10−3 km−2 and the new crater chronology function (CF). The other, younger rille, Rima Mairan, which was formed ~1.0 Ga (N(1) = (1.17 ± 0.20) × 10−3 km−2 and with the same CF), may also contribute to the basaltic deposits at the landing site. These crater count statistics and dating results can be coordinated with the radio-isotopic age of Chang’e-5 samples for a recalibration of lunar impact flux and the crater population dating method.

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Correction: Yang, J., et al. Phase Imbalance Analysis of GF-3 Along-Track InSAR Data and Ocean Current Measurements. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 269

Abstract: The authors would like to make the following correction of [...]

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Sub-surface stratification and dielectric permittivity distribution at the Chang’E-4 landing site revealed by the lunar penetrating radar

Sub-surface stratification and dielectric permittivity distribution at the Chang’E-4 landing site revealed by the lunar penetrating radar

Formation age of the Rima Sharp sinuous rill on the Moon, source of the returned Chang’e-5 samples

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