“…From a theoretical perspective, other scholars also focused on the scope and limits of differentiated integration in the EU (for example, de Neve, 2007;Holzinger and Schimmelfennig, 2012;Leruth and Lord, 2015;Schimmelfennig et al, 2015;Sitter and Andersen, 2006). The financial and economic turmoil of 2007-2008, subsequently followed by socio-economic and political unrests of many kinds, brought the EU into a new multi-faceted poly-crisis (Riddervold et al, 2021). The future of European integration became increasingly questioned, as domestic Eurosceptic actors pushed for reducing the scope of core EU powers, opt-outs or even withdrawing from the Union as a whole.…”
Section: Towards the Age Of Differentiation In European Integrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, we call on studies to probe how differentiated EU capabilities for risk prevention and crisis management cause unintended longer-term consequences. Riddervold et al (2021) have established that crisis governance in the short-term and within certain policy domains may cause long-term unintended institutional consequences. Two long-term implications of crisis governance appear discernible calling for further scholarly investigation: unintended consequences across policy fields and time as well as challenges to the EU's overall democratic process.…”
Section: Conclusion and Further Researchmentioning
“…From a theoretical perspective, other scholars also focused on the scope and limits of differentiated integration in the EU (for example, de Neve, 2007;Holzinger and Schimmelfennig, 2012;Leruth and Lord, 2015;Schimmelfennig et al, 2015;Sitter and Andersen, 2006). The financial and economic turmoil of 2007-2008, subsequently followed by socio-economic and political unrests of many kinds, brought the EU into a new multi-faceted poly-crisis (Riddervold et al, 2021). The future of European integration became increasingly questioned, as domestic Eurosceptic actors pushed for reducing the scope of core EU powers, opt-outs or even withdrawing from the Union as a whole.…”
Section: Towards the Age Of Differentiation In European Integrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, we call on studies to probe how differentiated EU capabilities for risk prevention and crisis management cause unintended longer-term consequences. Riddervold et al (2021) have established that crisis governance in the short-term and within certain policy domains may cause long-term unintended institutional consequences. Two long-term implications of crisis governance appear discernible calling for further scholarly investigation: unintended consequences across policy fields and time as well as challenges to the EU's overall democratic process.…”
Section: Conclusion and Further Researchmentioning
“…Many policy crisis accounts bring the European Union into focus (for a recent comprehensive overview see Riddervold et al 2021). These accounts seek to identify both causes and patterns of response in Europe's multilevel system.…”
This article introduces a special issue of West European Politics on the COVID-19 crisis. It first sets out the dual challenge to democratic principles and democratic performance that the COVID-19 pandemic has posed to European liberal democracies. Three bodies of scholarship are especially relevant in framing this dual democratic challenge: those that provide accounts of policy, institutional and legitimacy crises; accounts of the governance of emergencies and of emergency politics; and accounts of political turbulence and organisational and policy responses. The articles that comprise the special issue provide comparative empirical insights into first reactions, with a focus on the responses by political decision-makers, European publics and the EU. Assessments of the likely longer-term, potentially transformative effects of COVID-19 on the principles and performance of European liberal democracies will need to draw on both sectoral and systemic perspectives, with a focus on the organisation and operation of public authority and the state. KEYWORDS COVID-19; liberal democracy; crisis; emergency; turbulence; state COVID-19, which began to appear on the political agenda of European democracies at the start of 2020, has constituted a singular political challenge. It has involved every level of government, from the local to the global, and all branches of government, including executives, parliaments and courts. It has affected all citizens. It has touched every sphere of life, from the public through to the private. It has extended to virtually every policy domain. Its political effects have been rapid, pervasive and profound.The COVID-19 crisis has challenged public policy making, with public health policy at the core, but very quickly diffusing through to many other policy domains. It has put to the test the reactive and adaptive capacities of governments, administrations, specialised agencies, legislatures and courts, notably, but not exclusively, administrative and constitutional
“…Crises are an essential part of European integration, thus a popular topic for researchers in European integration (Biermann et al 2019;Börzel -Risse 2018;Gocaj -Meunier 2013;Ingham 2022, Krotz -Schramm 2022, Lefkofridi -Schmitter 2014Nicoli 2020, Niemann -Ioannou 2015Schimmelfennig 2014;Schimmelfennig 2018a;Schimmelfennig 2020;Riddervold -Trondal -Newsome 2021). Crises that naturally provoke a response from the concerned actors stand as suitable cases to test and compare the explanatory skills of European integration theories.…”
The review essay presents European crisis literature, which tests the theories of European integration. It argues that the existing research on European crises and subsequent reactions by the European Union is fragmented, non-systematic and works with a too-implicit definition of ‘crisis’. The reviewed literature comments on turbulent developments in the European Union rather than providing comprehensive empirical research. The article demonstrates existing gaps and suggests a conceptualisation of the research topic. It also promotes a systematic research framework enabling a proper analysis of the European crises and the European Union’s reactions. Such a framework is based on a clear definition of the relevant actors and crisis situations and the identification of an empirical basis for analysis. The author argues that a systematic approach could enhance researchers’ ability to understand reactions to turbulence in European integration better and even predict the European Union’s responses to future events.
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