We extend results on asymptotic invariants of line bundles on complex projective varieties to projective varieties over arbitrary fields. To do so over imperfect fields, we prove a scheme-theoretic version of the gamma construction of Hochster and Huneke to reduce to the setting where the ground field is F -finite. Our main result uses the gamma construction to extend the ampleness criterion of de Fernex, Küronya, and Lazarsfeld using asymptotic cohomological functions to projective varieties over arbitrary fields, which was previously known only for complex projective varieties. We also extend Nakayama's description of the restricted base locus to klt or strongly F -regular varieties over arbitrary fields. X ; see [PST17]. For imperfect fields, however, this approach runs into another problem:(III) Most applications of Frobenius techniques require k to be F -finite, i.e., satisfy [k : k p ] < ∞.This last issue arises since Grothendieck duality cannot be applied to the Frobenius if it is not finite. Recent advances in the minimal model program over imperfect fields due to Tanaka [Tan18; Tan] suggest that it would be worthwhile to develop a systematic way to deal with (III).Our first goal is to provide such a systematic way to reduce to the case when k is F -finite. While passing to a perfect closure of k fixes the F -finiteness issue, this operation can change the singularities of X drastically. To preserve singularities, we prove the following scheme-theoretic version of the gamma construction of Hochster and Huneke [HH94].Theorem A. Let X be a scheme essentially of finite type over a field k of characteristic p > 0, and let Q be a set of properties in the following list: local complete intersection, Gorenstein, Cohen-Macaulay, (S n ), regular, (R n ), normal, weakly normal, reduced, strongly F -regular, F -pure, Frational, F -injective. Then, there exists a purely inseparable field extension k ⊆ k Γ such that k Γ is