“…stationary situations. The commonly used exploratory models include renewal models (Chen et al, 2018;De Feyter et al, 2017), Markov (cross-sectional) models (Di Francesco et al, 2016;Dimitriou & Georgiou, 2019;Knorzer, 2000), and semi-Markov models (Bastian et al, 2020;Chattopadhyay & Gupta, 2007;Song & Huang, 2008). Moreover, previous studies introduced dynamic programming in a Markov model to generate optimal recruitment and transition patterns to meet various needs in labor requirements and service levels (Dimitriou & Tsantas, 2010).…”