Correction to: PIXL: Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry

Allwood, Abigail; Wade, L. A.; Foote, M. C.; Elam, W. T.; Hurowitz, J. A.; Battel, Steven; Dawson, Douglas E.; Denise, Robert W.; Ek, Eric M.; Gilbert, Martin S.; King, Matthew E.; Liebe, Carl Christian; Parker, T. H.; Pedersen, David Arge Klevang; Randall, David P.; Sharrow, Robert F.; Sondheim, Michael E.; Allen, George; Arnett, Kenneth; Au, Mitchell H.; Basset, Christophe; Benn, Mathias; Bousman, John C.; Braun, David; Calvet, Robert J.; Clark, B.; Cinquini, L.; Conaby, Sterling; Conley, Henry A.; Davidoff, Scott; Delaney, Jenna; Denver, Troelz; Diaz, Ernesto; Doran, Gary; Ervin, Joan; Evans, Michael; Flannery, David; Gao, Ning; Größ, Johannes; Grotzinger, J. P.; Hannah, Brett; Harris, Jared D.; Harris, Cathleen M.; He, Yejun; Heirwegh, Christopher M.; Hernandez, Christina; Hertzberg, E.; Hodyss, Robert; Holden, James R.; Hummel, Christopher; Jadusingh, Matthew A.; Jørgensen, John Leif; Kawamura, J.; Kitiyakara, A.; Kozaczek, K. J.; Lambert, James L.; Lawson, Peter R.; Liu, Yang; Luchik, T. S.; Macneal, Kristen M.; Madsen, S.N.; McLennan, S. M.; McNally, Patrick J.; Meras, Patrick; Muller, Richard E.; Napoli, Jamie; Naylor, B. J.; Nemere, Peter; Ponomarev, Igor Yu.; Perez, Raul M.; Pootrakul, Napat; Romero, Raul A.; Rosas, Rogelio; Sachs, J.; Schaefer, R. T.; Schein, Michael E.; Setterfield, Timothy P.; Singh, Vritika; Song, Eakhwan; Soria, Mary; Stek, P. C.; Tallarida, Nicholas; Thompson, David R.; Tice, Michael M.; Timmermann, Lars; Torossian, Violet; Treiman, Allan H.; Tsai, Shihchuan; Uckert, K.; Villalvazo, Juan; Wang, Mandy; Wilson, Daniel W.; Worel, Shana C.; Zamani, Payam; Zappe, Mike; Zhong, Fang; Zimmerman, Richard C.

doi:10.1007/s11214-021-00801-2

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…SHERLOC has an Autofocus Context Imager that is co-boresighted to its spectrometer, and is a fixed focus camera that acquires a 10.1 μm/pixel grayscale image at a nominal 48 mm standoff distance. PIXL uses X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to produce fine-scale elemental compositional data at >120 μm resolution (Allwood et al, 2020).…”

Section: In Situ Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depositional and Diagenetic Sulfates of Hogwallow Flats and Yori Pass, Jezero Crater: Evaluating Preservation Potential of Environmental Indicators and Possible Biosignatures From Past Martian Surface Waters and Groundwaters

Benison,

Gill,

Sharma

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover has examined and sampled sulfate‐rich clastic rocks from the Hogwallow Flats member at Hawksbill Gap and the Yori Pass member at Cape Nukshak. Both strata are located on the Jezero crater western fan front, are lithologically and stratigraphically similar, and have been assigned to the Shenandoah formation. In situ analyses demonstrate that these are fine‐grained sandstones composed of phyllosilicates, hematite, Ca‐sulfates, Fe‐Mg‐sulfates, ferric sulfates, and possibly chloride salts. Sulfate minerals are found both as depositional grains and diagenetic features, including intergranular cement and vein‐ and vug‐cements. Here, we describe the possibility of various sulfate phases to preserve potential biosignatures and the record of paleoenvironmental conditions in fluid and solid inclusions, based on findings from analog sulfate‐rich rocks on Earth. The samples collected from these outcrops, Hazeltop and Bearwallow from Hogwallow Flats, and Kukaklek from Yori Pass, should be examined for such potential biosignatures and environmental indicators upon return to Earth.

show abstract

Section: In Situ Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depositional and Diagenetic Sulfates of Hogwallow Flats and Yori Pass, Jezero Crater: Evaluating Preservation Potential of Environmental Indicators and Possible Biosignatures From Past Martian Surface Waters and Groundwaters

Benison,

Gill,

Sharma

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A principal way scientists around the world build an understanding of Mars as a possible host for life is to study its planetary-scale geology and geochemistry over time [3,7,27]. NASA's PIXL instrument supports that ongoing investigation by capturing co-aligned visible imaging and thousands of spatially localized pairs of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectra in a single experiment [2].…”

Section: Background and Related Work 21 The Search For Extraterrestri...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When data are returned to Earth, the X-ray beam geometry is reconstructed, and each spectral point is localized within each of the returned images. Overall, an experiment at a target returns a series of visible light images, and around 4,000 spectral points, each with an A and B spectra, and x and y coordinates within each image [2] (see Figure 2).…”

Section: Background On Pixl Science Workflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from the Development of an Anomaly Detection Interface on the Mars Perseverance Rover using the ISHMAP Framework

Wright

Nemere

Galvin

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While anomaly detection stands among the most important and valuable problems across many scientific domains, anomaly detection research often focuses on AI methods that can lack the nuance and interpretability so critical to conducting scientific inquiry. We believe this exclusive focus on algorithms with a fixed framing ultimately blocks scientists from adopting even high-accuracy anomaly detection models in many scientific use cases. In this application paper we present the results of utilizing an alternative approach that situates the mathematical framing of machine learning based anomaly detection within a participatory design framework. In a collaboration with NASA scientists working with the PIXL instrument studying Martian planetary geochemistry as a part of the search for extra-terrestrial life; we report on over 18 months of in-context user research and co-design to define the key problems NASA scientists face when looking to detect and interpret spectral anomalies. We address these problems and develop a novel spectral anomaly detection toolkit for PIXL scientists that is highly accurate (93.4% test accuracy on detecting diffraction anomalies), while maintaining strong transparency to scientific interpretation. We also describe outcomes from a yearlong field deployment of the algorithm and associated interface, now used daily as a core component of the PIXL science team's workflow, and directly situate the algorithm as a key contributor to discoveries around the potential habitability of Mars. Finally we introduce a new design framework which we developed through the course of this collaboration for co-creating anomaly detection algorithms: Iterative Semantic Heuristic Modeling of Anomalous Phenomena (ISHMAP), which provides a process for scientists and researchers to produce natively interpretable anomaly detection models. This work showcases an example of successfully bridging methodologies from AI and HCI within a scientific domain, and provides a resource in ISHMAP which may be used by other researchers and practitioners Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).

show abstract

Energy dependence of x‐ray beam size produced by polycapillary x‐ray optics

Das,

Heirwegh,

Gao

et al. 2024

X-Ray Spectrometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, we studied the x‐ray energy dependence of x‐ray beam diameter focused by polycapillary optics. A quantitative beam diameter–energy relation enables more accurate estimation of the element‐specific interrogation area of a sample using the compositional maps produced by a micro‐XRF system. This improves upon our ability to visualize individual beam‐diameter sized mineral grains and in turn directly benefits Planetary Instrument for X‐ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) analyses of martian soil in addition to benefitting other micro‐focused x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) systems. The spatial distribution of an array of characteristic XRF emission lines was measured by sampling via a knife‐edge approach with small motor stepping of the beam across target edges. Data taken as part of this effort, from the Planetary Flight Model (PFM), were limited to only seven beam energies corresponding to the elements Ni, Cu, Se, Ta, Au, Ti and Ba. Hence, we conducted additional analysis using JPL's lab‐based breadboard (LBB) micro‐XRF system, a system that emulates PIXL's functionality where we measured beam diameter corresponding to 18 elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Se, Sr and Mo. The experimental results were also compared with Monte Carlo simulations. The beam diameter (y)–energy (x) relation that we obtained for LBB was y = 185.79 exp(−0.078x) whose exponential component was then used to get a more accurate relation for the PFM even with the limited data set: y = 227.53 exp(−0.078x). The difference in the two coefficients for the PFM and LBB stems mainly from the difference in the polycapillary optic design, and this work establishes x‐ray beam diameter versus energy relation quantitatively for both the systems.

show abstract

Correction to: PIXL: Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Depositional and Diagenetic Sulfates of Hogwallow Flats and Yori Pass, Jezero Crater: Evaluating Preservation Potential of Environmental Indicators and Possible Biosignatures From Past Martian Surface Waters and Groundwaters

Depositional and Diagenetic Sulfates of Hogwallow Flats and Yori Pass, Jezero Crater: Evaluating Preservation Potential of Environmental Indicators and Possible Biosignatures From Past Martian Surface Waters and Groundwaters

Lessons from the Development of an Anomaly Detection Interface on the Mars Perseverance Rover using the ISHMAP Framework

Energy dependence of x‐ray beam size produced by polycapillary x‐ray optics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About