Correction to: Extracellular vesicles from human mesenchymal stem cells expedite chondrogenesis in 3D human degenerative disc cell cultures

Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Extracellular Vesicles as an Emerging Treatment Option for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Therapeutic Potential, Translational Pathways, and Regulatory Considerations

“…[ 107] Lyo-secretome extracellular vesicles (ultrafiltration) X X X B a r i e t a l . [ 108] Exosomes (low-speed centrifugation with total exosome isolation reagent) X X X CD63, TSG101, ALIX Liao et al [ 109] Exosomes (differential UC) X X CD63, TSG101 Chen et al [ 110] Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)/exosomes (differential UC) X X X X X CD9, CD63, CD81, FLOT1 Hingert et al [ 111] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X TSG101, ALIX Hu et al [ 112] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X X CD63, TSG101 Li et al [ 113] Exosomes (ultrafiltration with total exosome isolation reagent) X X CD9, CD63 Li et al [ 114] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101, ALIX Luo et al [ 115] Exosomes (total exosome isolation ExoQuick PLUS Exosome Purification Kit) X X X X CD9, CD63, CD81 Song et al [ 116] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X X CD63, TSG101, PKH67 Sun et al [ 117] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X CD63, TSG101, ALIX Sun et al [ 118] Extracellular vesicles (differential UC) X Tang et al [ 119] Extracellular vesicles (differential UC) X X X CD68, CD81, TSG101 Wen et al [ 120] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X CD63, TSG101 Xiang et al [ 121] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X CD63, TSG101 Xie et al [ 122] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X X CD9, CD63 Yuan et al [ 123] Exosomes (differential UC with 30% sucrose cushion) X X X CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101 Zhang et al [ 124] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X CD9, CD63, TSG101, ALIX Zhang et al [ 125] Exosomes (differential UC) X X X CD63, TSG101 Zhu et al [ 126] Exosomes (chromatography) X X X CD9, CD63, CD81 Zhu et al [ 127] a) Abbreviations: UC: ultracentrifugation; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; DLS: dynamic light scattering; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; FC: flow cytometry; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; WB: western blot; CD: cluster of differentiation; TSG101: tumor susceptibility gene 101; ALIX: ALG-2 interacting protein X; ARF6: ADP-ribosylation factor 6; FLOT1: flotillin-1.…”

“…In vitro systems enable the investigation of EVs in highly controlled environments and allow investigators to determine therapeutic mechanisms of action, where 28 of the 29 studies in this literature review evaluated EVs using in vitro experimental configurations. [ 99–105,107–127 ]…”

“…3) Senescent NPC-EV treatment led to more G1 phase cells and fewer S phase cells compared to the control group 4) siRNA transfection of EV-treated NPCs led to a decrease in P21 and P53 expression, higher growth rate, and lower SA-𝛽-gal positivity Hingert et al [ 111] BM-MSCs In vitro Human 1) EV treatment increased cell proliferation and decreased cellular apoptosis in degenerated disc cells…”

“…Together, these outcomes indicate that MSC-EVs can stimulate proregenerative activities in terminally differentiated cells derived from degenerative IVD tissue by attenuating catabolic activity, promoting ECM elaboration, and supporting cell proliferation. [100,111,120]…”

“…[157] Preclinical outcomes in this systematic review indicate that EVs can influence cellular senescence, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and apoptosis depending on the pathophysiological state of the EV source cell. [99,104,[109][110][111]114,115,120,122,126,127] Biophysical and biochemical changes in the ECM lead to aberrant cues that promote cellular senescence, where IVD cells residing in a degenerative microenvironment exhibit lower levels of mitotic activity compared to those in the healthy IVD. [158] Not only do resident cells slow their proliferation rate in IVDD, but they also undergo a marked increase in apoptosis, as evidenced by an upregulation of cleaved caspase 3 and corresponding loss in the number of viable cells.…”