Correction to: Echinodermata: The Complex Immune System in Echinoderms

Smith, L. Courtney; Arizza, Vincenzo; Hudgell, Megan A. Barela; Barone, Gianpaolo; Bodnár, Andrea; Buckley, Katherine M.; Cunsolo, Vincenzo; Dheilly, Nolwenn M.; Franchi, Nicola; Fugmann, Sebastian D.; Furukawa, Ryo; García‐Arrarás, José E.; Henson, Joan M.; Hibino, Taku; Irons, Zoe H.; Li, Chun; Lun, Cheng Man; Majeske, Audrey J.; Oren, Matan; Pagliara, Patrizia; Pinsino, Annalisa; Raftos, David A.; Rast, Jonathan P.; Samasa, Bakary; Schillaci, Domenico; Schrankel, Catherine S.; Stabili, Loredana; Stensvåg, Klara; Sutton, Elisse

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76768-0_32

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…In the recent literature, it is stated that 95% of starfish coelomocytes present clotting and phagocytic activity and are all classified as a single population called phagocytes/ amoebocytes (3). From an ultrastructural point of view, our results confirm that the abundant P2 population can be actually ascribed to two distinct morpho-functional cytotypes, differentially involved in clotting phenomena or phagocytosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Also, from an ultrastructural point of view, our results are well corroborated by others studies in the literature. Large P2 coelomocytes often present cell processes forming large loops typical of the inactive form of the known petaloid sub-population of coelomocytes (3,7,41). For instance, Gorshkov et al (18) also described a higher number and length of cytoplasmic processes in the filopodial form, very similar to those found in the free "mature coelomocytes" of A. rubens.…”

Section: Coelomocytes Present a Variety Of Morphotypesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Coelomocytes Present a Variety Of Morphotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brightfield and fluorescence microscopy have long been the methods of choice for the classification of echinoderm coelomocytes, especially when the process relies heavily on morphological characteristics (3,6,21,37). Today, we understand that relevant differences exist among coelomocytes of different echinoderm classes, indeed, some morphotypes are not even represented in samples from members of the same species (3,38). Again, disparity among protocols used for coelomic fluid collection, coelomocyte harvesting, staining conditions, sample preparation for microscopy, acquisition settings and image processing together with their reduced viability after collection and lack of resilience under manipulation contribute to increasing the range of detected (or missed) morphological complexity.…”

Section: Coelomocytes Present a Variety Of Morphotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The regenerative process involves the mobilization of many cell types to the area of injury to perform two major processes: 1) monitor and clearing environmental pathogens that have gained sudden access to internal fluids, and 2) healing the wound and subsequently rebuilding the missing structures. It has been known for some time that coelomocytes, the circulating cells present in the coelomic cavities, play a critical role in all these processes (3). Coelomocytes are mostly known as effectors of the immune response and are thus key contributors to the monitoring of pathogens and restoring of missing tissues (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish Marthasterias glacialis Using a Flow Cytometry/Imaging Combined Approach

et al. 2021

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Coelomocytes is the generic name for a collection of cellular morphotypes, present in many coelomate animals, and highly variable among echinoderm classes. The roles attributed to the major types of these free circulating cells present in the coelomic fluid of echinoderms include immune response, phagocytic digestion and clotting. Our main aim in this study was to characterize coelomocytes found in the coelomic fluid of Marthasterias glacialis (class Asteroidea) by using a combination of flow cytometry (FC), imaging flow cytometry (IFC) and fluorescence plus transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two coelomocyte populations (P1 and P2) identified through flow cytometry were subsequently studied in terms of abundance, morphology, ultrastructure, cell viability and cell cycle profiles. Ultrastructurally, P2 diploid cells were present as two main morphotypes, similar to phagocytes and vertebrate thrombocytes, whereas the smaller P1 cellular population was characterized by low mitotic activity, a relatively undifferentiated cytotype and a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. In the present study we could not rule out possible similarities between haploid P1 cells and stem-cell types in other animals. Additionally, we report the presence of two other morphotypes in P2 that could only be detected by fluorescence microscopy, as well as a morphotype revealed via combined microscopy/FC. This integrative experimental workflow combined cells physical separation with different microscopic image capture technologies, enabling us to better tackle the characterization of the heterogeneous composition of coelomocytes populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Coelomocytes Present a Variety Of Morphotypesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Coelomocytes Present a Variety Of Morphotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Coelomocytes Present a Variety Of Morphotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish Marthasterias glacialis Using a Flow Cytometry/Imaging Combined Approach

et al. 2021

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A combined characterization of coelomic fluid cell types in the spiny starfishMarthasterias glacialis– inputs from flow cytometry and imaging

Oliveira

Guatelli

Martı́nez

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Coelomocytes is a generic name for a collection of cellular morphotypes, present in many coelomate animals, that has been reported as highly variable across echinoderm classes. The roles attributed to the major types of the free circulating cells present in the coelomic fluid of echinoderms include immune response, phagocytic digestion and clotting. The main aim of the present study is the thorough characterization of coelomocytes present in the coelomic fluid of Marthasterias glacialis (class Asteroidea) through the combined use of flow cytometry (FC) and fluorescence plus transmission electron microscopy. Two coelomocyte populations (here named P1 and P2) were identified by flow cytometry and subsequently studied in terms of abundance, morphology, ultrastructure, cell viability and cell cycle profiles. Ultrastructurally, P2 diploid cells showed two main morphotypes, similar to phagocytes and vertebrate thrombocytes, whereas the small P1 haploid cellular population was characterized by a low mitotic activity, relatively undifferentiated cytotype and a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. These last cells resemble stem-cell types present in other animals. P1 and P2 cells differ also in cell viability and cell cycle profiles. Additionally, two other morphotypes were only detected by fluorescence microscopy and a third one when using a combined microscopy/FC approach.

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Transcriptomic responses of Mediterranean sponges upon encounter with seawater or symbiont microbial consortia

Marulanda-Gomez,

Ribes,

Franzenburg

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Sponges (phylum Porifera) constantly interact with microbes from the water column while filter-feeding and with the symbiotic partners they harbor within their mesohyl. Despite early observations on differential uptake between symbiont and seawater bacteria, it is still poorly understood how sponges discriminate between different microbial consortia. Initial evidence of the diverse repertoire of sponge immune receptors suggests their involvement in specific microbial recognition, yet experimental data is still scarce. We characterized the transcriptomic response of two sponge species,Aplysina aerophobaandDysidea avara, upon incubation with two different microbial consortia, which were either enriched from ambient seawater or extracted fromA. aerophoba.The sponges were sampled after 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h for RNA-Seq differential gene expression analysis.D. avarashowed higher expression levels of genes related to immunity, ubiquitination, and signaling when incubated withA. aerophobasymbionts, than in incubations with seawater microbial consortia. Interestingly, the different bacteria consortia triggered changes in Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-Like Receptors (NLRs) gene expression inD. avara. We here provide the first experimental evidence for NLRs playing a role in distinguishing between different microbes in a sponge. In contrast, the response ofA. aerophobainvolved comparatively few genes and lacked genes encoding for immune receptors. This indicates thatA. aerophobais less responsive to microbial encounters thanD. avara. Our study further reveals different transcriptomic responses between the two sponge species to microbes. The study of sponge responses to microbes aids in understanding the evolution of immune specificity and animal-microbe interactions.Significant statementAnimals rely on components of the immune system to recognize specific microbes, whether they are pathogens, food, or beneficial symbionts. However, in marine invertebrates, the mechanisms of microbial discrimination and specificity are not well understood. Our work suggests that:(i) the transcriptomic response by the sponge can be scaled according to the type of exposure, (ii) the response to microbial encounters is species-specific and (iii) NLRs seem to have a prominent role in the differential response to microorganisms, whether symbionts or food bacteria.

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Correction to: Echinodermata: The Complex Immune System in Echinoderms

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish Marthasterias glacialis Using a Flow Cytometry/Imaging Combined Approach

Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish Marthasterias glacialis Using a Flow Cytometry/Imaging Combined Approach

A combined characterization of coelomic fluid cell types in the spiny starfishMarthasterias glacialis– inputs from flow cytometry and imaging

Transcriptomic responses of Mediterranean sponges upon encounter with seawater or symbiont microbial consortia

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