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Lundquist, Knut; Simonson, Rune; Tingsvik, Kenneth

doi:10.3183/npprj-1990-05-04-p199-199

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Numerous monomeric and dimeric degradation products (mainly ω-hydroxyguaiacylacetone) were isolated and characterized in addition to Hibbert's ketones (Adler et al 1957;Adler 1961Adler , 1977Lundquist, Miksche 1965;Lundquist 1973Lundquist , 1976Lundquist et al 1977). Numerous monomeric and dimeric degradation products (mainly ω-hydroxyguaiacylacetone) were isolated and characterized in addition to Hibbert's ketones (Adler et al 1957;Adler 1961Adler , 1977Lundquist, Miksche 1965;Lundquist 1973Lundquist , 1976Lundquist et al 1977).…”

Section: Studies Elucidating Lignin Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amounts of residual polysaccharides are highly dependent on the type of lignin isolation and purification, but also to some extent on the wood species. By means of special purification techniques the residual polysaccharide content can be reduced to less than 1% (Lundquist, Simonson 1975;Lundquist et al 1977). Higher values were reported for spruce MWL (4.1%) by Chang et al (1975), and for Douglas fir MWL (4.8%) by Glasser and Barnett (1979b).…”

Section: Lignin Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polysaccharide amounts in analytical hardwood lignins are higher on an average, ranging between 3 and 9% (Björkman, Person 1957;Brown et al 1968;Lundquist et al 1979;Glasser, Barnett 1979b;Fengel et al 1983). …”

Section: Lignin Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-finely divided wood (milled wood) after extraction of milled wood lignin (Björkman 1957;Brownell 1965Brownell , 1970Koshijima et al 1972Koshijima et al , 1976Yaku et al 1976) -milled wood lignin (Lundquist 1976;Lundquist et al 1979Lundquist et al , 1980Wegener, Fengel 1979) -enzymatically and chemically degraded wood (Krejcberg et al 1974;Sergeeva et al 1979) -methylated and acetylated wood and holocellulose (Kosikovä et al 1969(Kosikovä et al , 1972Kosikovä 1973) -chlorite delignification liquors (Wegener 1976;Glinski, Nicholls 1977) -alkali extracts from holocellulose (Kringstad, Ellefsen 1964;Kringstad 1965;Kringstad, Cheng 1969;Fengel, Przyklenk 1975Fengel 1976bFengel , c, 1979Feckl 1981;Feckl, Fengel 1982b, c) -technical pulps and pulping liquors (Pearl, Beyer 1964;Simonson 1971;Meshitsuka et al 1975;Polcin, Bezuch 1977;Ohara et al 1980). …”

Section: Lignin-polysaccharide Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polyoses fragments in lignin-polysaccharide complexes may be residues from xylan as well as from mannan. are most frequently suggested, due to their sterically favoured positions and to the fact that these sugars were enriched in many different lignin-rich complexes (Kringstad, Cheng 1969;Ezzat 1973;Fengel, Przyklenk 1975;Wegener 1976;Eriksson, Lindgren 1977;Wegener, Fengel 1979;Lundquist et al 1980;Feckl 1981;Feckl, Fengel 1982a, b). Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/22/15 7:57 PM As connecting links to lignin the polyoses side-groups arabinose, galactose and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid (-»5.2., 5.3.)…”

Section: Lignin-polysaccharide Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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6. Lignin

1983

Wood

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Next to cellulose lignin is the most abundant and important polymeric organic substance in the plant world. The incorporation of lignin into the cell walls of plants gave them the chance to conquer the Earth's land surface. Lignin increased the mechanical strength properties to such an extent that huge plants such as trees with heights of even more than 100 m can remain upright.Lignin is a characteristic chemical and morphological component of the tissues of higher plants such as pterodophytes and spermatophytes (gymnosperms and angiosperms), where it typically occurs in the vascular tissues, specialized for liquid transport and mechanical strength (e.g. xylem, 2.1.). Primitive plants such as fungi, lichens and algae are not lignified, while it is still questionable whether mosses contain true lignin or only phenolic compounds which also yield a nonhydrolyzable residue during acid treatment (Freudenberg 1968;Sarkanen, Hergert 1971). More recent investigations on several mosses (e.g. Sphagnum magellanicum) indicate that they contain no lignin and that lignin occurrence is indeed restricted to vascular plants (Erickson, Miksche 1974;Miksche, Yasuda 1978;Nimz, Tutschek 1977).The amounts of lignin present in different plants is quite variable. While in wood species the lignin content ranges from 20 to 40% (->3.3.) aquatic and herbaceous angiosperms as well as many monocotyledons (e.g. horse-tail species) are less lignified (Neish 1968;Sarkanen, Hergert 1971;Krüger 1976).Additionally the distribution of lignin within the cell wall (-» 8.2.) and the lignin contents of different parts of a tree are not uniform. For example high lignin values are characteristic for the lowest, highest and inner parts of the stem, for softwood branches, bark (-H> 9.2.) and compression wood (-» 2.3.). The lignin contents of needles and leaves are described inconsistently as high or low, possibly depending on their state of development (Wardrop 1971;Uprichard 1971;Howard 1973;Miksche, Yasuda 1977;Luger, Gampe 1978).In most cases of wood utilization lignin is used as an integrated part of wood. Only in the case of pulping and bleaching (-» 16.) is lignin more ore less released from wood in degraded and altered forms, representing a large potential carbon source of more than 35 million tons of carbon per year world-wide for chemical and energy purposes (-» 18.6.).

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Section: Studies Elucidating Lignin Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin-polysaccharide Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin-polysaccharide Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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6. Lignin

1983

Wood

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Comparative study of three lignin fractions isolated from mild ball‐milled Tamarix austromogoliac and Caragana sepium

Sun

Zhai³

et al. 2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Six lignin fractions from mild ball-milled Tamarix austromogoliac (TA) and Caragana sepium (CS) were sequentially isolated with 80% dioxane containing 0.05M HCl at 758C for 4 h, 50% aqueous ethanol containing 1M triethylamine at 708C for 4 h, and 8% aqueous NaOH at 458C for 3 h. The results showed that the successive treatments made it possible to isolate lignin from wood with a high yield and purity, in which 89.4 and 90.6% of the original lignin from TA and CS were released, respectively. The lignin fractions isolated with the three-step method were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared, 1 H-and 13 C-NMR, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, and gel permeation chromatography. It was found that the three lignin fractions isolated from TA were rich in syringyl units, and the molar ratio of the relatively total moles of vanillin, vanillic acid, and acetovanillin to the relatively total moles of syringaldehyde, syringic acid, and acetosyringone decreased from 1 : 2.6 to 1 : 3.2 to 1 : 3.6 in the lignin preparations, whereas this ratio in the corresponding lignin fractions isolated from CS was found to be 1.4 : 1, 1.1 : 1, and 1 : 1.4, respectively. More importantly, the results revealed that the sequential extractions of the mild ball-milled TA and CS with 80% acidic dioxane, 50% alkaline ethanol, and 8% aqueous NaOH under the conditions used did not significantly cleave the b-O-4 and a-O-4 linkages in lignin macromolecules.

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