Correction: Piscine Reovirus: Genomic and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis from Farmed and Wild Salmonids Collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast

Siah, Ahmed; Morrison, Diane; Fringuelli, E; Savage, Paul; Richmond, Zina; Johns, R. J.; Purcell, Maureen K.; Johnson, Stewart C.; Saksida, Sonja

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164926

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…An isolation of PRV from a commercial freshwater salmon hatchery on Vancouver Island, Canada (designated 16-005ND) has provided a consistent well-characterized laboratory model for inducing high-load viremia in the Mowi-McConnell strain of Atlantic salmon following intraperitoneal (ip) injection ( Garver et al, 2016 ; Polinski et al, 2019 ). This isolate is also representative of the PRV1 subtype which is widely and naturally found in both wild and farmed salmon of western North America ( Kibenge et al, 2013 ; Siah et al, 2015 ). To ensure physiological harm caused by PRV could be properly differentiated, two treatment groups were tested periodically during a 21-week time course: (i) a blood control (BC) treatment in which sonified and clarified Atlantic salmon blood diluted in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) was injected (total injection volume 0.1 mL) and (ii) a PRV 16-005ND (PRV) treatment in which sonified and clarified PRV-infected Atlantic salmon blood diluted with HBSS at a final concentration of 3.25 × 10 7 copies PRV L1 reverse-transcribed genome segments was injected (total injection volume 0.1 mL).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

et al. 2019

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The recent ubiquitous detection of PRV among salmonids has sparked international concern about the cardiorespiratory performance of infected wild and farmed salmon. Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) has been shown to create substantial viremia in salmon by targeting erythrocytes for principle replication. In some instances, infections develop into heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) or other pathological conditions affecting the respiratory system. Critical to assessing the seriousness of PRV infections are controlled infection studies that measure physiological impairment to critical life support systems. Respiratory performance is such a system and here multiple indices were measured to test the hypothesis that a low-virulence strain of PRV from Pacific Canada compromises the cardiorespiratory capabilities of Atlantic salmon. Contrary to this hypothesis, the oxygen affinity and carrying capacity of erythrocytes were unaffected by PRV despite the presence of severe viremia, minor heart pathology and transient cellular activation of antiviral response pathways. Similarly, PRV-infected fish had neither sustained nor appreciable differences in respiratory capabilities compared with control fish. The lack of functional harm to salmon infected with PRV in this instance highlights that, in an era of unprecedented virus discovery, detection of viral infection does not necessarily imply bodily harm and that viral load is not always a suitable predictor of disease within a host organism.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

et al. 2019

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“…[ 1 ], Piscine Reovirus: Genomic and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis from Farmed and Wild Salmonids Collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast, with a subsequent correction (Siah et al . 2016 [ 2 ]). Although a correction for this paper was published on Oct. 12, 2016, (Siah et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a correction for this paper was published on Oct. 12, 2016, (Siah et al . 2016 [ 2 ]), there continues to be inadequate supporting evidence for the primary conclusion that PRV genetic sequences are temporally and spatially homogeneous in salmonid species across the northeastern Pacific region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the correction, Siah et al . [ 2 ] acknowledge that the conclusion that PRV has not been recently introduced to BC was overstated. However their supporting evidence that "… salmonids from western North America Pacific waters carried PRV RNA sequences for at least 13 years with little genetic differentiation among sequence types in selected samples spanning 2001 to 2014" remains insufficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formal comment on: Piscine reovirus: Genomic and molecular phylogenetic analysis from farmed and wild salmonids collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast

et al. 2017

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Piscine orthoreovirus sequences in escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in Washington and British Columbia

Kibenge

Wang

Gayeski³

et al. 2019

Virol J

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Background Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emergent virus in salmon aquaculture belonging to the family Reoviridae . PRV is associated with a growing list of pathological conditions including heart and skeletal inflammation (HSMI) of farmed Atlantic salmon. Despite widespread PRV infection in commercially farmed Atlantic salmon, information on PRV prevalence and on the genetic sequence variation of PRV in Atlantic salmon on the north Pacific Coast is limited. Methods Feral Atlantic salmon caught in Washington State and British Columbia following a large containment failure at a farm in northern Puget Sound were sampled. Fish tissues were tested for PRV by RT-qPCR assay for segment L1 and conventional RT-PCR for PRV segment S1. The PCR products were sequenced and their relationship to PRV strains in GenBank was determined using phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide and amino acid homology comparisons. Results Following the escape of 253,000 Atlantic salmon from a salmon farm in Washington State, USA, 72/73 tissue samples from 27 Atlantic salmon captured shortly after the escape tested PRV-positive. We estimate PRV-prevalence in the source farm population at 95% or greater. The PRV found in the fish was identified as PRV sub-genotype Ia and very similar to PRV from farmed Atlantic salmon in Iceland. This correlates with the source of the fish in the farm. Eggs of infected fish were positive for PRV indicating the possibility of vertical transfer and spread with fish egg transports. Conclusions PRV prevalence was close to 100% in farmed Atlantic salmon that were caught in Washington State and British Columbia following a large containment failure at a farm in northern Puget Sound. The PRV strains present in the escaped Atlantic salmon were very similar to the PRV strain reported in farmed Atlantic salmon from the source hatchery in Iceland that was used to stock commercial aquaculture sites in Washington State. This study emphasizes the need to screen Atlantic salmon broodstock for PRV, particularly where used to supply eggs to the global Atlantic salmon farming industry thereby improving our understanding of PRV epidemiology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1148-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Correction: Piscine Reovirus: Genomic and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis from Farmed and Wild Salmonids Collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

High-Load Reovirus Infections Do Not Imply Physiological Impairment in Salmon

Formal comment on: Piscine reovirus: Genomic and molecular phylogenetic analysis from farmed and wild salmonids collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast

Piscine orthoreovirus sequences in escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in Washington and British Columbia

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