Correction of Inverted Nipples with Twisting and Locking Principles

Correction of Inverted Nipple: Comparison of Techniques with Novel Approaches

“…Various procedures have been proposed for the repair of inverted nipple since it was first described (Alaxander & Campbell, 1997;Kim et al, 2006;Serra-Renom et. Al, 2004;Jiang et al, 2008;Yamada et al, 2004;Ritz et al, 2005;Huang , 2003;Crestinu, 2001;Pompei & Tedesco, 1999).…”

“…No single technique is appropriate for correcting all the types of nipple deformities because different grades of inverted nipple have different levels of fibrosis, soft tissue bulk, and lactiferous ductus stucture . Some of the techniques include construction at the base of the nipple by using areolar dermal flaps (Kim et al, 2003;Kim et al, 2006;Huang 2003) modified suturing ''t'' (Stevens et al, 2004;Serra-Renom, 2004) or a combination of these two (Pompei & Tedesco, 1999) to prevent the collapse of the nipple. Other techniques use alloplastic materials, i.e., silicone or PTFE, where extrusion is a potential complication; they have their own limitations (Serra-Renom, 2004).…”

“…The corrective operation, based on twisting and locking principles, was described for various patterns of inverted nipple, ranging from the grade 1 to the grade 3 (Kim et al, 2006). One of the disadvantages of this technique is about the restriction fort he color of the areola.…”

“…Numerous techniques have been reported to correct the inverted nipple (Alaxander & Campbell, 1997;Kim et al, 2006;Serra-Renom et. Al, 2004;Jiang et al, 2008;Yamada et al, 2004;Ritz et al, 2005;Huang , 2003;Crestinu, 2001;Pompei & Tedesco, 1999) It was also reported that no single technique is appropriate for correcting all types of nipple deformities because different grades of inverted nipple have different levels of fibrosis, soft tissue bulk, and lactiferous ductus stucture .…”

The Effect of Continuous Elastic Outside Distraction on the Expressions of Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor and Microvessel Density in Female Porcine Nipple

“…Inverted nipples cause many associated problems such as poor hygiene, breastfeeding difficulties, repeated inflammation, psychological distress, and dissatisfaction with one's appearance. Many operative modalities are available for correction; they range from suture-based methods [1,2] to the use of areolar or nipple dermal flaps [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Most of these techniques involve extensive skin incision around the nipple that may jeopardize the blood and nerve supply to the nipple or create significant scarring.…”