Correction of Delayed Traumatic Enophthalmos Using Customized Orbital Implants

A Multi-Criteria Assessment Strategy for 3D Printed Porous Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Patient-Specific Implants for Orbital Wall Reconstruction

“…Furthermore, PEEK PSIs have also been used in craniofacial defects reconstruction [56], in midface reconstruction as an alternative to composite free tissue transfer or maxillary obturators [57,58]. In addition, PEEK onlay implants have been utilized in zygoma contour augmentation [31,32] and mandibular angle reconstructive surgeries [59]. While the use of CAD/CAM milled PEEK orbital implants have been documented in the literature [60,61], the production of porous, mesh-like orbital implants by FFF is relatively new.…”

“…The adoption of PEEK for PSIs production was influenced by its favorable properties, including radiolucent characteristics with no artifact in medical imaging, stiffness, lightweight, and conventional computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) procedures, specifically milling [25,30]. Few studies have reported using custom-made, non-porous, milled PEEK implants in orbital reconstructions [19,31,32]. However, these non-porous characteristics displaying hydrophobicity and bio-inertness of PEEK can limit its bioactivity and cause clinical concern in orbital floor reconstructions [33,34].…”

3D Innovations in Personalized Surgery

“…This overview is not comprehensive, and novel design options are regularly introduced in the literature. Posterior to bulbus [49] Orbital floor elevated in sagittal relation Amount [22] Based on clinical findings, advanced diagnostics [38] Slight overcorrection [50] Design considerations can be categorized based on their intended effect: stability, positioning ease, accuracy of implant positioning or alleviation of clinical symptoms. The size and shape of the implant are dependent on the extent of the defect.…”

“…The orbital volume is corrected to alleviate globe displacement, but the volume may be overcorrected to counteract fat atrophy and the anticipated iatrogenic loss of soft tissue [57]. The amount of overcorrection might be subjectively determined during surgery, by inserting additional spacers [51], or it may be fully integrated into the design of the PSI, posterior to the equator of the bulbus [22,38,50]. On the other hand, hypoglobus is the result of caudal displacement of the infra-orbital rim.…”

“…posterior to the equator of the bulbus [22,38,50]. On the other hand, hypoglobus is the result of caudal displacement of the infra-orbital rim.…”