Correction for the effects of adventitious carbon overlayers in quantitative XPS analysis

Evans, Stephen D.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199711)25:12<924::aid-sia317>3.0.co;2-2

Cited by 69 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Accordingly, the trace C 1s signal observed on the SiO x -deposited surface was not possibly from unreacted TEOS molecules, and furthermore, it was impossibly from BOPP itself either because XPS sampling depth had only several nanometers that should be short enough to confine the sampling range within the 150 nm silica film. As a result, the trace C 1s is from adventitious carbonaceous contamination, which was often encountered when the samples were prepared in air and examined in less than optimal vacuum conditions [93].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface-directed sol-gel: direct fabrication of the covalently attached ultraflat inorganic oxide pattern on functionalized plastics

Gan

Yang

2010

Sci. China Chem.

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For plastic electronics and optics, the fabrication of smooth, transparent and stable crack-free inorganic oxide films (and patterning) on flexible polymeric substrates with strong bonding strength and controllable thickness from nanometers to micrometers is a key but still remains a challenge. Among versatile inorganic oxides, silica oxide film as SiO x is especially important because this semiconductor material could provide crucial properties in devices or serve as a base layer for further multilayer construction. In this paper, we describe a new interface-directed sol-gel method to fabricate flexible high quality silicon oxide film onto commodity plastics. The resulting crack-free silica film has strong covalent bonding with polymer substrates, homogeneous morphology with ultralow roughness, highly optical transparency, tunable thickness from nm to μm, and easy patterning ability. Such fabrication strategy relies on a novel photocatalytic oxidation reaction by photosensitive ammonium persulfate (APS), which is able to fabricate highly reactive hydroxyl monolayer surface on inert polymeric substrates. This kind of hydroxylated surface could serve as nucleation and growth sites to initiate surface sol-gel process. As a result, well-defined SiO x film deposition (gelation) occurs, and patterned hydroxylation regions could be easily utilized to induce the formation of patterned oxide film arrays. Our strategy also excludes the requirements of clean room and vacuum devices so as to fulfill low-cost and fast fabrication demands. Two application examples from such high quality SiO x layer onto plastics are given but should not be limited within these. One is that oxygen permeation rate of SiO x deposited polymer film decreases 25 times than pristine polymer substrate, which is good for the potential packaging materials. The other one is that silanization monolayer, for example, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), could be successfully constructed onto silica layer through classical silanization reaction, which is applicable for many potential purposes, for instance, proteins could be accordingly immobilized onto plastic support with effective signal-to-background ratio. Moreover, we further demonstrate that this interface-directed sol-gel strategy is a general method which could be successfully extended to other high quality oxide film fabrication, e.g., TiO 2 . surface patterning, silicon oxide, sol-gel, polymer surface modification, functional coatings

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interface-directed sol-gel: direct fabrication of the covalently attached ultraflat inorganic oxide pattern on functionalized plastics

Gan

Yang

2010

Sci. China Chem.

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“…The C 1s region of the pristine sample shows distinct peaks corresponding to CF 2 (292 eV) residues as it expected in PTFE‐containing samples. Furthermore, the presence of C−C bonds was indicated by a peak at 285 eV, which originated from adventitious carbon that forms a thin layer on air exposed samples . Comparison of the C 1s regions of the deactivated and reactivated samples leads to the conclusion that carbonate species were formed upon electrode storage under industrial conditions, as indicated by the peak at 288 eV (Figure a) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the presence of CÀC bonds was indicated by ap eak at 285 eV,w hich originated from adventitious carbon that forms at hin layer on air exposed samples. [22] Comparison of the C1sr egions of the deactivated and reactivated samples leads to the conclusion that carbonate speciesw ere formed upon electrode storageu nder industrialc onditions, as indicatedb yt he peak at 288 eV (Figure 5a). [23] Ap ossible origin for that is the formation of Ag 2 CO 3 induced by the adsorption of CO 2 during air exposure.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Surface Ag Speciesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Catalytic Reactivation of Industrial Oxygen Depolarized Cathodes by in situ Generation of Atomic Hydrogen

et al. 2019

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Electrocatalytically active materials on the industrial as well as on the laboratory scale may suffer from chemical instability during operation, air exposure, or storage in the electrolyte. A strategy to recover the loss of electrocatalytic activity is presented. Oxygen‐depolarized cathodes (ODC), analogous to those that are utilized in industrial brine electrolysis, are analyzed: the catalytic activity of the electrodes upon storage (4 weeks) under industrial process conditions (30 wt % NaOH, without operation) diminishes. This phenomenon occurs as a consequence of surface oxidation and pore blockage, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam milling, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Potentiodynamic cycling of the oxidized electrodes to highly reductive potentials and the formation of “nascent” hydrogen re‐reduces the electrode material, ultimately recovering the former catalytic activity.

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“…This carbon is termed adventitious carbon, 50 and is present as a result of exposure of the clean (high surface energy) gold substrates to air between cleaning and placement in the XPS instrument. The major peaks are due to gold, and there are additional small peaks due to carbon and oxygen.…”

Section: Characterization Of Gold Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic study of ionic liquid adsorption from solution onto gold

Beattie

Harmer

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Gold was exposed to ethanol solutions containing 0.1 wt% 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HMIM NTf2), an ionic liquid (IL). The resulting adsorbed layers were interrogated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS - both conventional and synchrotron-based) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Ellipsometry indicated that the adsorbed layer thickness was smaller than the size of an IL ion pair, with an average determined layer thickness of 0.15 nm. This value indicates that the adsorbed layer on gold is most likely patchy. Conventional XPS revealed that the IL adsorbs irreversibly to gold, with equal amounts of anion and cation in the adsorbed layer. High signal-to-noise synchrotron XPS spectra permitted detailed deconvolution of the S 2p and N 1s peaks for the IL-treated gold, providing more information on adsorbed layer composition and structure. Spectra acquired as a function of X-ray exposure time indicate that non-interacting physisorbed IL components are preferentially removed at the expense of surface bound components, and that anion and cation are both present in the surface bound layer, and also in the layer above. A model structure for the IL adsorbed on gold is proposed.

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Correction for the effects of adventitious carbon overlayers in quantitative XPS analysis

Cited by 69 publications

References 20 publications

Interface-directed sol-gel: direct fabrication of the covalently attached ultraflat inorganic oxide pattern on functionalized plastics

Interface-directed sol-gel: direct fabrication of the covalently attached ultraflat inorganic oxide pattern on functionalized plastics

Catalytic Reactivation of Industrial Oxygen Depolarized Cathodes by in situ Generation of Atomic Hydrogen

Spectroscopic study of ionic liquid adsorption from solution onto gold

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