“…Autophagosomes, vesicles containing intracellular materials, fuse with In a complementary way to ATRA, ATO binds to the PML CC-motif and B-box domain and is critical for the serial reactions of multimerization, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and proteasomal degradation of the PML-RARA transcript. Given that ATO does not act on the NR or activate transcription, the differentiation of leukemic cells seen in the presence of ATO may in part be due to degradation of the PML-RARA transcript and restoration of normal RARA activity on gene promoters liberated from the malignant PML-RARA (Cassinat et al 2017). Importantly, the ATO-triggered degradation process contributes to the differentiation of APL cells because of its action on the SUMOylated K160 site on the PML protein.…”