Correction - Catalytic and Thermal Cracking of Pure Hydrocarbons

Abstract

Figitre 12. Storage and Finishing Cellar, Five-Barrel P l a n t i Storage and Finishing Cellar. Thc storage cellar, which ib held at 32" t o 34" F. by brine-cooled air diffmers, is somewhat larger than the fermenter room. Figure 12, a picture of the storage area, shows most of the equipment in this cellar. There are twelve tanks; most of these are glass-lined, but mveral have a baked phenolic lining. Each holds one brew.This area is also used for filtration, carbonation, and othei Enishing operations. There is a stainled8 steel diatomaceous earth filter, with 5 square feet of filter area, and a small pulp filter and pulp cake press. Transfers are made through 1.5-inch brewers' hose, using either a rotary pump or a cent,rifugal carbonating pump Package filling is performed with a one-arm racker for kegs or a small hand-operated bottle filler Bottled beer is pasteurized in normal fashion.

Hydrocarbon generation from coal, extracted coal and bitumen rich coal in confined pyrolysis experiments

“…Activated carbon was found to accelerate the cracking of hydrocarbons in an early study (Greensfelder et al, 1949). Smith et al (1989) used hydrous pyrolysis experiments to show that brown coal accelerates the transformation of model compounds into n-alkanes and transformation rates increase with the ratios of the added coal to model compounds, including long chain n-alkyl constituents, such as n-alcohol, di-n-ketone, di-n-ether, n-acid and alkyl aromatics.…”

Interaction of coal and oil in confined pyrolysis experiments: Insight from the yield and composition of gas hydrocarbons

“…Numerous studies demonstrated that activated carbon and coal accelerate hydrocarbon reactions (e.g., Greensfelder et al, 1949;Smith et al, 1989;Alexander et al, 2009Alexander et al, , 2011Asif et al, 2009Asif et al, , 2010Berwick et al, 2011). Alexander et al (2011) proposed a reaction mechanism that carbon surface reaction results in the formation of reactive single carbon intermediates (i.e., methylene/ carbene) to account for the reaction products of 1-octadecene and 2,3,6-trimethylphenol in the presence of activated carbon under closed pyrolysis.…”

“…As a result, the calculated yields of gas hydrocarbons from oil cracking are increasingly underestimated with oil/coal ratio when fixed yields of gas hydrocarbons from coal cracking are used. For the third, the yields of gas hydrocarbons from oil cracking could decrease with oil/coal ratio because coal played a catalytic role for oil cracking (e.g., Greensfelder et al, 1949;Smith et al, 1989;Alexander et al, 2009Alexander et al, , 2011Asif et al, 2009Asif et al, , 2010Berwick et al, 2011), and therefore, a high ratio of oil to coal obviously reduces this catalytic effect. The variation in trends of ratios (OC/O) for wet gases with oil/coal ratio in the experiments of coal A plus oil can be accounted for by the second and third factors.…”

“…Therefore, alkanes are released from kerogen on the one hand and attached to kerogen on the other hand. Activated carbon has been found accelerating the cracking of hydrocarbons in an early study (Greensfelder et al, 1949). Recently, a series of studies were reported to document the effects of carbonaceous surfaces (activated carbon and coal) on organic reactions Asif et al, 2009Asif et al, , 2010Berwick et al, 2011).…”

Conversion of oleic acid to monocarboxylic acids and .GAMMA.-lactones by laboratory heating experiments in relation to organic diagenesis.

“…These characteristics indicate that the major reaction is catalytic crack ing of the oleic acid in the presence of the clay mineral and thermal cracking in the absence of the clay. It has been known that radical isomerization is an important reaction in catalytic cracking, while the isomerization is a minor reaction in thermal cracking (Greensfelder et al, 1949). The observation that the conversion of the oleic acid was much faster in the presence of the clay also suggests that catalytic cracking is a major reaction in this case.…”