Correction: Age-Specific Sex-Related Differences in Infections: A Statistical Analysis of National Surveillance Data in Japan

Eshima, Nobuoki; Tokumaru, Osamu; Hara, Shohei; Bacal, Kira; Korematsu, Seigo; Karukaya, Shigeru; Kiyo, Uruma; Okabe, Nobuhiko; Matsuishi, Toyojiro

doi:10.1371/annotation/e63213bd-8e30-4b2d-a37f-bcd1409f26ae

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Sex-and age-related differences in reported morbidity were also documented for bacterial infections. Reported morbidity for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection was higher in adult females, and females were reportedly more infected with mycoplasma pneumonia than males in all age groups up to 70 years old [77]. Such factors will lie behind the age-gender differences seen in this study.…”

Section: Puberty and Excess Female Deathsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…On the other hand, some infections and conditions are specifically age-related [77,78]. For example, the Japanese surveillance system for infectious diseases was used in the analysis of seven viral and four bacterial infectious diseases [77]. The male-to-female morbidity (MFM) ratios in different age groups were estimated.…”

Section: Puberty and Excess Female Deathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, significant changes in the immune system during puberty arise due to hormonal rearrangement [78][79][80][81]-as discussed above. This may cause enhanced susceptibility to some infections in children in puberty and explain age-and sex-related differences in disease incidence within the population [77,78].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19-Related Age Profiles for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in England and Wales and States of the USA (2020 to 2022): Impact on All-Cause Mortality

Jones,

Ponomarenko

2023

Infectious Disease Reports

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Since 2020, COVID-19 has caused serious mortality around the world. Given the ambiguity in establishing COVID-19 as the direct cause of death, we first investigate the effects of age and sex on all-cause mortality during 2020 and 2021 in England and Wales. Since infectious agents have their own unique age profile for death, we use a 9-year time series and several different methods to adjust single-year-of-age deaths in England and Wales during 2019 (the pre-COVID-19 base year) to a pathogen-neutral single-year-of-age baseline. This adjusted base year is then used to confirm the widely reported higher deaths in males for most ages above 43 in both 2020 and 2021. During 2020 (+COVID-19 but no vaccination), both male and female population-adjusted deaths significantly increased above age 35. A significant reduction in all-cause mortality among both males and females aged 75+ could be demonstrated in 2021 during the widespread COVID-19 vaccination period; however, deaths below age 75 progressively increased. This finding arises from a mix of vaccination coverage and year-of-age profiles of deaths for the different SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, specific effects of age around puberty were demonstrated, where females had higher deaths than males. There is evidence that year-of-birth cohorts may also be involved, indicating that immune priming to specific pathogen outbreaks in the past may have led to lower deaths for some birth cohorts. To specifically identify the age profile for the COVID-19 variants from 2020 to 2023, we employ the proportion of total deaths at each age that are potentially due to or ‘with’ COVID-19. The original Wuhan strain and the Alpha variant show somewhat limited divergence in the age profile, with the Alpha variant shifting to a moderately higher proportion of deaths below age 84. The Delta variant specifically targeted individuals below age 65. The Omicron variants showed a significantly lower proportion of overall mortality, with a markedly higher relative proportion of deaths above age 65, steeply increasing with age to a maximum around 100 years of age. A similar age profile for the variants can be seen in the age-banded deaths in US states, although they are slightly obscured by using age bands rather than single years of age. However, the US data shows that higher male deaths are greatly dependent on age and the COVID variant. Deaths assessed to be ‘due to’ COVID-19 (as opposed to ‘involving’ COVID-19) in England and Wales were especially overestimated in 2021 relative to the change in all-cause mortality. This arose as a by-product of an increase in COVID-19 testing capacity in late 2020. Potential structure–function mechanisms for the age-specificity of SARS-CoV-2 variants are discussed, along with potential roles for small noncoding RNAs (miRNAs). Using data from England, it is possible to show that the unvaccinated do indeed have a unique age profile for death from each variant and that vaccination alters the shape of the age profile in a manner dependent on age, sex, and the variant. The question is posed as to whether vaccines based on different variants carry a specific age profile.

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Section: Puberty and Excess Female Deathsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Puberty and Excess Female Deathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19-Related Age Profiles for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in England and Wales and States of the USA (2020 to 2022): Impact on All-Cause Mortality

Jones,

Ponomarenko

2023

Infectious Disease Reports

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Sex differences in common childhood infections in Taiwan

Yang

Huang²,

Chen

et al. 2018

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Sex differences in childhood infections are commonly reported in case-only studies. In this population-based study of 278000 Taiwanese children followed from 3 months to 18 years of age during the period 2000-2012, age-trajectories of monthly numbers of all-cause healthcare visits and monthly rates of infection-specific healthcare visits were compared between boys and girls. For all-cause healthcare visits and for healthcare visits related to conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infections, enteritis, hand, foot, and mouth disease, and herpangina, there was good resemblance of age trajectories between boys and girls. Despite this resemblance, there was evidence of a slightly higher rate in boys than in girls under age 6 years (i.e., a male tendency, or male-to-female ratio >1.0) across all diagnoses except herpangina. For urinary tract infection, where an age-specific sex difference is well reported in case-only studies, this population-based study confirmed that there was a much higher rate of kidney infection among boys than among girls during infancy, and a higher rate of kidney and bladder infection among girls than among boys after this period. The age-specific sex difference in urinary tract infections was so strong that the age trajectories in boys and girls were qualitatively different. This report confirms previously reported sex differences in other countries, whilst placing this in the context of age dynamics in childhood infection.

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The Incidence and Severity of Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws is Similar in Male and Female Mice

Hadaya,

Soundia,

Bezouglaia

et al. 2024

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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Correction: Age-Specific Sex-Related Differences in Infections: A Statistical Analysis of National Surveillance Data in Japan

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

COVID-19-Related Age Profiles for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in England and Wales and States of the USA (2020 to 2022): Impact on All-Cause Mortality

COVID-19-Related Age Profiles for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in England and Wales and States of the USA (2020 to 2022): Impact on All-Cause Mortality

Sex differences in common childhood infections in Taiwan

The Incidence and Severity of Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws is Similar in Male and Female Mice

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