Correcting Iron Deficiency in Calibrachoa Grown in a Container Medium at High pH

Fisher, Paul R.; Wik, Ron M.; Smith, Brandon R.; Pasian, C.C.; Kmetz-González, Monica; Argo, William R.

doi:10.21273/horttech.13.2.0308

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Figure 4A shows Calibrachoa from each experimental treatment after 28 days, with necrosis and chlorosis symptoms (Fig. 4B) identical to those for Fe defi ciency reported for Calibrachoa by Fisher et al (2003).…”

Section: Calibrachoa Grown At High Phsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Iron defi ciency induced at high pH is therefore the major concern with Fe-ineffi cient plants, rather than iron and manganese toxicity occurring at low pH. Examples of Fe-ineffi cient species include Calibrachoa and Petunia hybrids Bunt, 1988;Fisher et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have observed that Calibrachoa ×hybrida Cerv. 'Trailing White' is highly prone to Fe defi ciency, but responds well to corrective Fe supplementation (Fisher et al, 2003). FeSO 4 and Fe-EDTA are the two most commonly applied sources of Fe in commercial water-soluble fertilizers in the United States., and Fe-EDDHA has been found to be the most effective Fe source for correcting Fe defi ciency at high pH in several studies (Fisher et al, 2003;Hagstrom, 1984;Lindsay and Schwab, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'Trailing White' is highly prone to Fe defi ciency, but responds well to corrective Fe supplementation (Fisher et al, 2003). FeSO 4 and Fe-EDTA are the two most commonly applied sources of Fe in commercial water-soluble fertilizers in the United States., and Fe-EDDHA has been found to be the most effective Fe source for correcting Fe defi ciency at high pH in several studies (Fisher et al, 2003;Hagstrom, 1984;Lindsay and Schwab, 1982). A review of commercial water-soluble fertilizer used in the United States found that the median peat-lite formula contained 0.5 mg·L -1 Fe and the median general purpose formula contained 0.25 mg·L -1 Fe for every 100 mg·L -1 N. In our opinion, applying Fe at 0 to 4 mg·L -1 covers the range of Fe concentrations applied in water-soluble fertilizer in most commercial greenhouses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Iron Form and Concentration Affect Nutrition of Container-grown Pelargonium and Calibrachoa

Wik¹,

Fisher²,

Kopsell³

et al. 2006

HortSci

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Additional index words. chelate, chlorosis, Fe-EDDHA, Fe-EDTA, ferrous sulfate, FeSO 4 , iron defi ciency, iron toxicity, micronutrient, peat, soilless substrate, SPAD Abstract. Two experiments were completed to determine whether the form and concentration of iron (Fe) affected Fe toxicity in the Fe-effi cient species Pelargonium ×hortorum 'Ringo Deep Scarlet' L.H. Bail. grown at a horticulturally low substrate pH of 4.1 to 4.9 or Fe defi ciency in the Fe-ineffi cient species Calibrachoa ×hybrida 'Trailing White' Cerv. grown at a horticulturally high substrate pH of 6.3 to 6.9. Ferric ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (Fe-EDDHA), ferric ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA), and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O) were applied at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg ·L -1 Fe in the nutrient solution. Pelargonium showed micronutrient toxicity symptoms with all treatments, including the zero Fe control. Contaminant sources of Fe and Mn were found in the peat/perlite medium, fungicide, and lime, which probably contributed to widespread toxicity in Pelargonium. Calibrachoa receiving 0 mg Fe/L exhibited severe Fe defi ciency symptoms.Calibrachoa grown with Fe-EDDHA resulted in vigorous growth and dark green foliage, with no difference from 1 to 4 mg·L -1 Fe. Using Fe-EDTA, 4 mg Fe/L was required for acceptable growth of Calibrachoa, and all plants grown with FeSO 4 were stunted and chlorotic. Use of Fe-EDDHA in water-soluble fertilizer may increase the upper acceptable limit for media pH in Fe-ineffi cient species. However, iron and Mn present as contaminants in peat, irrigation water, or other sources can be highly soluble at low pH. Therefore, it is important to maintain a pH above 6 for Fe-effi cient species regardless of applied Fe form or concentration, in order to avoid the potential for micronutrient toxicity.

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Section: Calibrachoa Grown At High Phsupporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Form and Concentration Affect Nutrition of Container-grown Pelargonium and Calibrachoa

Wik¹,

Fisher²,

Kopsell³

et al. 2006

HortSci

Self Cite

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“…These precipitation processes may occur even if the fertilized Fe is chelated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid trisodium salt hydrate (HEDTA). To alleviate arising Fe deficiency symptoms quickly, foliar sprays with Fe chelates are an effective tool (Fisher et al, 2003), as applied by an overhead irrigation in experiment 3.…”

Section: Impact Of Ph and Other Substrate Parameters On Basil Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia and Ammonium Exposure of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Growing in an Organically Fertilized Peat Substrate and Strategies to Mitigate Related Harmful Impacts on Plant Growth

Frerichs¹,

Daum²,

Pacholski³

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Organic pot-based production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) often has lower biomass yield than conventional cultivation. Previous investigations indicate that this growth impairment is related to high ammonium (NH 4 + ) concentrations in the growing media released by the mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. However, as a result of this ammonification process substrate pH may also increase. Under neutral to alkaline conditions NH 4 + is converted to ammonia (NH 3 ), which is known to be phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the impact of both ammonical N species on basil grown in a peat substrate. In total, three fertilization pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in order to compare the effect of different organic base dressings [250 and 750 mg N (L substrate) -1 mainly supplied by a liquid amino acid fertilizer (AAF)] and two initial substrate pH levels (5.5 and 6.5). In two treatments, 5% (v/v) mature compost was mixed into the peat 1 day and 12-days before the substrate was used for sowing, respectively. The aim of this procedure was to stimulate nitrification in this way to reduce ammonical N concentration. Ammonia concentration in the aerial plant surrounding environment was measured by using NH 3 detector tubes in combination with an open-top chamber method. The results showed that the growth of basil (number of plants, fresh matter yield, plant height) was significantly inhibited in the second and third week of cultivation by rising NH 3 and NH 4 + exposure, as well as by a substrate pH ≥ 7.0.These adverse effects were reduced by lowering the organic base dressing rate and adjusting the initial substrate pH to 5.5. Furthermore, the addition of mature compost to peat in combination with a 12-day storage was proven to be effective for promoting nitrification in the organically fertilized substrate. As a result, plant growth was improved by both lower NH 3 and NH 4 + exposure as well as a faster supply of nitrate (NO 3 -) as an additional N source. Using this approach, it was possible to feed organically fertilized basil Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.org

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Nutritional Disorders of Florists’ Crops

Raudales¹

2016

Handbook of Plant Disease Management

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Correcting Iron Deficiency in Calibrachoa Grown in a Container Medium at High pH

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

Iron Form and Concentration Affect Nutrition of Container-grown Pelargonium and Calibrachoa

Iron Form and Concentration Affect Nutrition of Container-grown Pelargonium and Calibrachoa

Ammonia and Ammonium Exposure of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Growing in an Organically Fertilized Peat Substrate and Strategies to Mitigate Related Harmful Impacts on Plant Growth

Nutritional Disorders of Florists’ Crops

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