Correct processing of impedance spectra for lead-acid batteries to parameterize the charge-transfer process

Kwiecien, Monika; Huck, Moritz; Badeda, Julia; Sauer, Dirk Uwe

doi:10.1007/s10800-018-1217-z

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The black dashed line cancels the steady-state DC voltage response from the black solid line, and the DC component is exactly equal to Equation (9). The blue dotted line filters the steady-state AC fundamental voltage response out of the black solid line by Equation (10), and the blue dotted line is very close to the black dashed line, which has a little distortion from higher harmonics. The pink dot-dash line is the steady-state AC voltage response in the FPLC ACequ simulation.…”

Section:  Time Domain Simulation Of Fplcacequ Impedancesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Charge-transfer resistance and double-layer capacitance are related to non-cohesion of active mass of electrodes; contacting resistances represent the existence of stratification and corrosion of electrodes; nonlinear diffusion impedances characterize sulfating of electrodes [4,9]. Multi-scale SoC/SoH judgment based on EIS is an extension of threshold-based management [10,11]; circuits elements are nonlinearly influenced by various factors, e.g., SoC, charging or discharging, superimposed DC current [12]; other form signals, such as short step response, can take place of sinusoidal excitation to demonstrate dominant aging mechanisms on battery capacity [8]. The leading edge of BMS to forecast and optimize batteries' SoC/SoH is usually based on time domain simulation [13,14]; therefore, extracting directional DC charge-transfer resistances from an AC Nyquist curve is significant in time domain research on BMS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Directional DC Charge-Transfer Resistance on an Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in an AC Nyquist Curve on Lead-Acid Battery

et al. 2020

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Both the frequency domain Nyquist curve of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and time domain simulation of DC equivalent first principle linear circuit (FPLCDCequ) are some of the fundamentals of lead-acid batteries management system design. The Nyquist curve is used to evaluate batteries’ state of health (SoH), but the curve does not distinguish charging/discharging impedances on electrode–electrolyte interfaces in the frequency domain. FPLCDCequ is used to simulate batteries’ terminal electrical variables, and the circuit distinguishes charging/discharging impedances on electrode–electrolyte interfaces in the time domain. Therefore, there is no direct physical relationship between Nyquist and FPLCDCequ This paper proposes an AC equivalent first principle linear circuit (FPLCACequ) by average switch modeling, and the novel circuit distinguishes charging/discharging impedances on electrode–electrolyte interfaces in Nyquist. The novel circuit establishes a physical bridge between Nyquist and FPLCDCequ for lead-acid batteries management system design.

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Section:  Time Domain Simulation Of Fplcacequ Impedancesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directional DC Charge-Transfer Resistance on an Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in an AC Nyquist Curve on Lead-Acid Battery

et al. 2020

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“…The measured SoC-dependency of the ohmic resistance is described by a polynomial function given in Equation (18). Figure A1 shows the determined resistance values over SoC as boxplot.…”

Section: Diffusion Process On Positive Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term diffusion processes in the electrolyte had no effect on the measurements. Two levels of stratification were analyzed and EIS with different superimposed DC-currents were performed to get reliable spectra [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification

Kwiecien

Huck

Badeda³

et al. 2018

Applied Sciences

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Acid stratification is a common issue in lead-acid batteries. The density of the electrolyte rises from the top to the bottom and causes inhomogeneous current distribution over the electrodes. The consequences are unequal aging processes provoking earlier battery failure. In stationary applications electrolyte circulation pumps are sporadical installed in the battery to mix the acid. For automotive applications passive mixing systems are implemented by some battery manufacturers against stratification. Stratification does not show any distinct voltage-current profile to be recognizable online. However, it increases the voltage and affects the impedance, which both are essential information for diagnostic purpose. Impedance spectra were performed here on lead-acid test cells with adjusted stratification levels to analyze the influence on the impedance in details. It is observed, that the high-frequency impedance is decreased in the stratified cell and that in contrast to this the charge-transfer resistance is increased. Based on simulations with a spatially-resolved equivalent electrical circuit the increased charge-transfer resistance could be explained with an inhomogeneous State-of-Charge resulting in an accumulation of sulfate crystals in the bottom part of the electrodes. These sulfate crystals further affected recorded impedance spectra after the electrolyte was homogenized.

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“…For the analysis here, solely the change of parameters at full-state of charge and 25 • C after float charge will be evaluated. Additionally, measured impedances were validated with the zHit method described in [29]. Measurement points of the impedance spectra were excluded if this criterion was not met.…”

Section: Electrical Model and Fitting Of Impedance Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery State Estimation for Lead-Acid Batteries under Float Charge Conditions by Impedance: Benchmark of Common Detection Methods

Badeda¹,

Kwiecien

Schulte³

et al. 2018

Applied Sciences

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Impedance or admittance measurements are a common indicator for the condition of lead-acid batteries in field applications such as uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. However, several commercially available measurement units use different techniques to measure and interpret the battery impedance. This paper describes common measurement methods and compares their indication for the state of health (SoH) to those of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For this analysis, two strings consisting each of 24 valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries with a rated voltage of 12 V and about 7 Ah capacity were kept under standard UPS conditions in float charge for over 560 days. They were monitored continuously with a LEM Sentinel 2 and went into regular check-ups with impedance measurements by a Hioki BT3554 as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements with an impedance meter (μEIS). Today it is widely expected that solely the relative increase of the impedance reading is sufficient for the estimation of the available capacity. However, it can be shown that the measured relative increase deviates for different frequencies and therefore the choice of the excitation signal and measurement frequency does make a difference for the calculation of the available capacity. Finally, a method for a more decisive monitoring in field applications is suggested.

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Correct processing of impedance spectra for lead-acid batteries to parameterize the charge-transfer process

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Directional DC Charge-Transfer Resistance on an Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in an AC Nyquist Curve on Lead-Acid Battery

Directional DC Charge-Transfer Resistance on an Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in an AC Nyquist Curve on Lead-Acid Battery

Variation of Impedance in Lead-Acid Batteries in the Presence of Acid Stratification

Battery State Estimation for Lead-Acid Batteries under Float Charge Conditions by Impedance: Benchmark of Common Detection Methods

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