Although human chorionic somztomammotropin (HCS)2 has been shown to induce the synthesis of casein-like phosphoproteins in pregnant mouse mammary gland explants (1) and to induce milk formation following its acute injection into the mammary ducts of rabbits sensitized with chorionic gonadotropin (2, 3) nothing is known about the effect of HCS on mammary gland function in primates. Because HCS and moakey chorionic somatomammo tropin are immunologically similar (4) , the present study was undertaken to determine whether HCS had any effect on mammary glands in nonpregnanlt Rhesus monkeys, and to determine whether HCS could alter milk production in female Rhesus monkeys with well-establishled lactation.Methods. To determine the effect of HCS on nonpregnant monkey mammary gland tissue in oioo, HCS, 17P-estradiol and progesterone were administered in lthe following combinations to female Rhesus monkeys weighing between 3.5 and 4.5 kg: 1 ) HCS, 25 mg twice daily for 7 days; 2) progesterone: 20 mg/day, and 17P-estradiol,3 5 mg/day for 4 weeks; 3) HCS plus progesterone plus 17P-estradiol in the same doses for 2 weeks. There were four monkeys in each treatment group. Breast biopsies were obtained by the method of Speert (5) before each treatmient anld at the end of each thera-