“…These companies account for a large share of state revenues in economies where their operations persist [5,6]. Thus, development interventions through programmes in education, health, commerce, energy, agriculture, transport, and infrastructure in many emerging countries cannot be ignored [7,8,9,10]. Although one would have assumed that the 'Acts of God' that drive oil companies to act socially responsible are bone out of mere benevolence to society, [11] a rm that these oil and gas companies engage in supernormal profitable ventures with CSR as key drivers.…”