Corporate Social Performance

An empirical investigation of determinants of corporate social performance using multi‐dimensional panel data analysis

“…The dependent variable in the present study is CSP. A comprehensive structured instrument containing 97 items was developed based on the mandatory recommendations in CSR clause (Section 135) of Companies Act, India (2013), and the research work by Battaglini (2019), Kansal and Singh (2012), Breitbarth et al (2010), Mishra and Suar (2010) and Mirfazli (2008a) (See Appendix ). Recently, Carroll (2021) has strongly proposed the use of such multiple dimensions to measure CSP.…”

“…With time, intra‐organizational dimensions of social performance have been losing their significance in favor of the neo‐institutional theory (Battaglini, 2019). The neo‐institutional theory suggests that the economic, social, and political institutions together facilitate/ diffuse implementing business policies and programs (Ntim & Soobaroyen, 2013).…”

“…There is a lack of consensus on well‐established measurement criteria for CSP because these proactive measures may include many welfare activities aimed toward protecting and improving the condition of the environment, customers, employees, stakeholders, and society. It has been proposed that CSP should be evaluated based on principles, processes, and outcomes of proactive corporate efforts rather than reactive ones (Battaglini, 2019; Wood, 2010). Thus, its measurement must include both mandatory and voluntary activities.…”

“…The concept of corporate social performance (CSP) is a measurable concept that goes beyond CSR that gained popularity during the 1970s. There is a difference between the scope of activities and approaches to implication of CSR and CSP (Battaglini, 2019; Carroll, 2021). CSR is a reactive concept and includes all the activities undertaken to meet the responsibility toward stakeholders and resolve social problems often generated by the business itself (Ahmad et al, 2021).…”

“…CSR is a reactive concept and includes all the activities undertaken to meet the responsibility toward stakeholders and resolve social problems often generated by the business itself (Ahmad et al, 2021). CSP is a proactive concept such that it is the aggregate of overall proactive social efforts toward various sections of society (Barnett, 2007; Battaglini, 2019). There is a lack of consensus on well‐established measurement criteria for CSP because these proactive measures may include many welfare activities aimed toward protecting and improving the condition of the environment, customers, employees, stakeholders, and society.…”