“…These processes of governance beyond government involve private or civic actors, or combinations thereof, looking to exert influence in some way (Falkner, ). They may be delivered through formalized institutional arrangements such as trade associations that regulate their members, through private standards and voluntary codes that offer different forms of certification, through NGOs and consumer groups that develop new standards and league tables (Busch, ; Falkner, ; Levy and Newell, ; Pattberg, , ), through business‐to‐business interactions such as investors seeking to influence the performance of the companies in which they invest or retailers seeking to influence the behaviour of their suppliers (Sullivan, , ) or through civic arrangements where local communities negotiate controls directly with businesses (Gouldson, ). They may also be adversarial, for example where different groups contest the extent to which some actors have a ‘social license to operate’, or where they seek to create and amplify reputational risks for actors that do not comply with social expectations (Freeman et al , ; Gunningham et al , ; Power et al , ).…”