This paper examines how organizations perceive affordances of social media and how they react to their employees' use of social media through policies, a key means of organizational governance. Existing literature identified 4 affordances -visibility, persistence, editability, and association (between people and between people and information) -as action potentials of social media in organizations. Content analysis of a sample of organizational social media policies reveals that organizations especially reacted to the affordances of visibility and persistence much more than to the affordance of editability. It also discovers a third type of association (between employees and organization). It shows how organizations' reactions to social media evolved from being solely concerned with risk management to also considering its value-generating potential.Key words: Social media, affordances, policies, governance, Web 2.0, visibility, persistence, editability, association.doi:10.1111/jcc4.12032
IntroductionSocial media, enabled by powerful, easily accessible and user-friendly Information Technology (IT) applications, have spread across organizations in all industries (Bernoff & Schadler, 2010;Curtis et al., 2010;Stolley, 2009). Social media have pervaded many aspects of organizing, and have generated new ways of connecting with customers, collaborating, and innovating (Cisco, 2010;Dunn, 2010;Wilson, Guinan, Parise, & Weinberg, 2011). Social media are ''Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content'' (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). Common social media include blogs, microblogs, social networking sites, wikis, and video-or content-sharing sites (Piskorki & McCall, 2010; Vaast, Davidson, & Mattson, forth coming).Social media present simultaneously opportunities and challenges for organizations. With social media, employees can mobilize resources, implement, and test out new ideas quickly and in a bottom-up fashion (Vaast, 2010). This offers an opportunity to make organizations more agile and responsive to the demands of customers, who today are also equipped with powerful social media Gallaugher & Ransbotham, 2010). Management, however, faces a number of challenges as it stands to lose some of its traditional control over what IT initiatives and applications are being implemented and used in the organization (Kane, Fichman, Gallaugher, & Glaser, 2009;Safko & Brake, 2009;Stolley, 2009). Indeed, employees, rather than formal business or IT leadership, frequently spearhead social media initiatives (Treem & Leonardi, 2012;Vaast, 2010).Employee use of social media may thus have diverse impacts upon organizations, both internally (e.g. related to culture, innovation processes; McAfee, 2006) as well as externally (e.g. what organizational image employees might project on public social networking sites; Kane et al., 2009). Organizations, on their part, might seek to encourage certain uses of social media and limi...