Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment

Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs), a subfamily of coronavirinae, are a panel of single‐stranded RNA virus. Human coronavirus (HCoV) strains (HCoV‐229E, HCoV‐OC43, HCoV‐HKU1, HCoV‐NL63) usually cause mild upper respiratory diseases and are believed to be harmless. However, other HCoVs, associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID‐19, have been identified as important pathogens due to their potent infectivity and lethality worldwide. Moreover, currently, no effective antiviral drugs treatments are available so far. In this review, we summarize the biological characters of HCoVs, their association with human diseases, and current therapeutic options for the three severe HCoVs. We also highlight the discussion about novel treatment strategies for HCoVs infections.

Prediction of repurposed drugs for Coronaviruses using artificial intelligence and machine learning

“…The CoVs particles majorly consist of four different structural proteins, i.e., surface glycoprotein (S), membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) [7] , [8] while, some CoVs also encode auxiliary proteins which play remunerate functions. The homotrimeric class I fusion protein, namely S protein, allows the viral membrane to fuse with the host cell surface receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading to fusion and viral entry [9] , [10] leading to SARS [11] . Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to cause systemic infections in the digestive, circulatory, urogenital, and nervous system [12] .…”

Current updates and research on plant-based vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019

“…However, the rate and scale in which COVID-19 is spreading global far surpasses those of SARS or MERS. The absence of specific antiviral drugs or therapies against human coronaviruses stresses the importance of preventative measures in managing the spread of the virus [ 5 ]. Despite various countermeasures in place to curb the spread of the disease in many countries, including social distancing and mandatory face masks, the number of positive cases are still on the rise.…”

Clinical and In-Silico study of COVID‑19 patients using Thymus capitatus extract as adjuvant Therapy

“…Previous studies showed that corticosteroid was used to treat coronavirus diseases, including Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17]. Studies have demonstrated that cytokine reactions caused by the enormous release of cytokines were major cause of death in a number of cases of SARS and MER [18,19] and corticosteroids could have a positive antagonistic effect on the cytokine storm [20]. Azithromycin has immunomodulatory and antiviral properties that might be of attention in the treatment of COVID-19.…”