Coronavirus (COVID-19) Symptoms, Treatment, and Recent Medical Challenges to the World: A Review

Abstract

Coronavirus infections have emerged as epidemic and pandemic threats throughout the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across 203 countries and territories in all 5 major continents. World Health Organization (WHO) declared this as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Subsequently, on February 11, 2020, a new name was given to this disease i.e. COVID-19 by an expert group from WHO. As of 3:37 pm CEST, 14 August 2020, there have been 20,730,456 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 751,154 deaths, reported to WHO. It possibly originated from a small animal market in Wuhan, China. A cluster of patients was admitted with unusual pneumonia not responding to treatment in various hospitals. Epidemiological, genomic analysis and correlation with other coronaviruses led to the isolation of new coronavirus, closely resembling the bat coronaviruses, from such patients in Wuhan. They were identified as the SARS-CoV-2. This virus infection presents an influenza-like illness in the affected people. Fever, cough, respiratory distress with fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are common symptoms seen in adults. The transmissibility of SARS-CoV-1 was less as compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it was well controlled with good public health efforts. The present COVID-19 epidemic is still in the acceleration phase of 3 and 4 in various countries. Without any effective antiviral agents available at present, the need of the hour is early case detection, isolation of cases, use of good preventive care measures by the household contacts and in the hospital setup. Here, we have placed the symptoms and treatment schemes for the COVID-19 from the practice of different research organizations of the World including WHO.

Qualitative Proteomics Analysis of Proteins and Biomarkers of Alzheimer’ Disease

“…The path biological beginning of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically quite known as asymptomatic AD. It takes a long time before patients start showing memory hindrance that surpasses that of their age-peers, a prognostically troubling stage named Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and a few additional years before their subjective abilities decrease to a practically incapacitating degree proclaiming the clinical beginning of dementia the symptomatic AD (Asif, 2020). In a study by some scientists, they observed alterations in proteins in these three stages, the quantity of significant protein expanded in tandem with disease status in the cross-sectional examination of AsymAD (Riudavets et al, 2007), MCI, and AD, showing that worldwide changes in the cleanser insoluble proteome and imperfections in proteostasis correspond with neuropathological trouble and intellectual brokenness.…”

Predictors of Polio Immunization Hesitancy: A Cross-Sectional Study from Mardan Pakistan

“…There were 3 strains of poliovirus were found worldwide, out of these three wild polioviruses (WPV) types 2 were successfully eradicated from the world while type 1 and type 3 remain mostly in endemic polio regions, and it is not linked with blood groups like covid polio may cause paralysis which may be a partial or complete, acute respiratory syndrome or sometimes leads to mortality. It could be asymptomatic, spread through personal contact (Infected nose and mouth secretions) and contaminated faces (Suresh et al, 2018), due to which precautions are necessary incidence of polio was widespread globally during the pre-vaccine period (Asif et al, 2020). However, after the introduction in the 1955's of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and the 1960s of live oral polio vaccine (OPV), in the United States, the last case of polio linked with Wild Poliovirus (WPV) was discovered quickly in 1991.…”