Coronaviridae: Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Abdel‐Moneim, Ahmed S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_5

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…Remarkably, some of the highlighted migration links were already inferred for the QX genotype, like the within Europe contacts or between Iran and Iraq [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 50 , 51 ]. However, the present study allowed to formally investigate and statistically assess several additional connections among regions, like northern Africa, or low-income countries of Asia, that had been largely neglected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Houta

Hassan

Legnardi

et al. 2021

Animals

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Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The S gene encodes the spike protein, which is synthesized in an inactive form (S0) and subsequently cleaved by host proteolytic enzymes into S1 and S2 [ 2 ]. It is responsible for virus tropism, being involved in attachment and fusion with host cells [ 3 ] and represents the most important target of the host immune response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Houta

Hassan

Legnardi

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Their main feature is the presence of club‐shaped projections, or peplomers, on their surface, which gives these viruses the appearance of the corona of the sun, 53 thus explaining the origin of the name of the family. The envelope surrounds a helical nucleocapsid (which is unusual in positive‐stranded RNA animal viruses) that contains the genome 54–56 . The genomes of the avian coronaviruses are single‐stranded, positive‐sense linear RNA molecules of about 27.6 kilobases.…”

Section: Infectious Bronchitis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

et al. 2022

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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a member of the family Coronaviridae, together with viruses such as SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 (the causative agent of the COVID‐19 global pandemic). In this family of viruses, interspecies transmission has been reported, so understanding their pathobiology could lead to a better understanding of the emergence of new serotypes. IBV possesses a single‐stranded, non‐segmented RNA genome about 27.6 kb in length that encodes several non‐structural and structural proteins. Most functions of these proteins have been confirmed in IBV, but some other proposed functions have been based on research conducted on other members of the family Coronaviridae. IBV has variable tissue tropism depending on the strain, and can affect the respiratory, reproductive, or urinary tracts; however, IBV can also replicate in other organs. Additionally, the pathogenicity of IBV is also variable, with some strains causing only mild clinical signs, while infection with others results in high mortality rates in chickens. This paper extensively and comprehensibly reviews general aspects of coronaviruses and, more specifically, IBV, with emphasis on protein functions and pathogenesis. The pathogenicity of the Australian strains of IBV is also reviewed, describing the variability between the different groups of strains, from the classical to the novel and recombinant strains. Reverse genetic systems, cloning and cell culture growth techniques applicable to IBV are also reviewed.

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“…There is a -1 frameshift at the junction of ORF1a/b (the replicase gene), resulting in translation of the 1a and 1b polyproteins. Post-translational cleavage of the polyproteins gives rise to the individual non-structural proteins that are involved in genome replication and transcription [25].…”

Section: Virus Taxonomy and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Egypt was the first country to isolate IBV in the 1950s [39], and the virus was then detected in Morocco in the 1980s [40]. During the 1990s, other countries began surveillance programs for the detection and isolation of IBV [25]. However, the scarcity of epidemiological studies in most MENA countries has made precise monitoring of IBV unfeasible.…”

Section: Epidemiological Situation In the Middle East And North Africmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence, evolution and spread of infectious bronchitis virus genotype GI-23

et al. 2021

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Avian infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease, caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), that leads to severe losses in the poultry industry all over the world. Since the 1950s, IBV has circulated in the Middle East and North Africa, and no tangible evidence has shown any effects of measures taken to control its spread or evolution. Furthermore, new IBV variants are continually discovered. Although several genetic studies on IBV have been conducted, many IBV strains from this region have either been misclassified or remain unclassified. The genotype 23 (GI-23) variant emerged and has prevailed in the Middle East by continuously evolving through inter-and/or intra-genotypic recombination. The GI-23 genotype is currently enzootic throughout Europe and Asia. Although many studies of protection against the circulating strains have been conducted, they have not been standardized according to regulatory requirements. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolution and genetic diversity of IBV genotypes and a genetic classification of IBV strains, with a focus on the GI-23 genotype. The high prevalence of IBV GI-23 strains necessitates the adoption of vaccination schemes using GI-23-based vaccines.

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Coronaviridae: Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Cited by 9 publications

References 227 publications

Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

The emergence, evolution and spread of infectious bronchitis virus genotype GI-23

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