Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System (CAC-DRS): A Primer

Kumar, Parveen; Bhatia, Mona

doi:10.4250/jcvi.2022.0029

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…Although the Agatston score is the most widely adopted method, it is not the only score to evaluate CAC. The calcium volume and calcium mass represent the total volume of calcified voxels and the “true mass” of calcium in the coronary tree, respectively [ 19 , 25 ]. Both calcium volume and calcium mass had higher interscan reproducibility compared to the Agatston score [ 19 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Coronary Artery Calcium Score (Cacs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence in coronary artery calcium score: rationale, different approaches, and outcomes

Gennari,

Rossi,

De Cecco

et al. 2024

Int J Cardiovasc Imaging

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Almost 35 years after its introduction, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) not only survived technological advances but became one of the cornerstones of contemporary cardiovascular imaging. Its simplicity and quantitative nature established it as one of the most robust approaches for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk stratification in primary prevention and a powerful tool to guide therapeutic choices. Groundbreaking advances in computational models and computer power translated into a surge of artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches directly or indirectly linked to CACS analysis. This review aims to provide essential knowledge on the AI-based techniques currently applied to CACS, setting the stage for a holistic analysis of the use of these techniques in coronary artery calcium imaging. While the focus of the review will be detailing the evidence, strengths, and limitations of end-to-end CACS algorithms in electrocardiography-gated and non-gated scans, the current role of deep-learning image reconstructions, segmentation techniques, and combined applications such as simultaneous coronary artery calcium and pulmonary nodule segmentation, will also be discussed.

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Section: Coronary Artery Calcium Score (Cacs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence in coronary artery calcium score: rationale, different approaches, and outcomes

Gennari,

Rossi,

De Cecco

et al. 2024

Int J Cardiovasc Imaging

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“…Absolute CAC scores are then assigned to each coronary vessel based on the maximal Hounsfield units (HU) and may be associated with a visual score such that 0 = none, 1–10 = minimal, 11–100 = mild, 101–400 = moderate, and >400 = severe. Visual scores are subjective estimations of CAC based on visual analysis of non-ECG-gated scans [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence in Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring

Aromiwura,

Kalra

2024

JCM

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly coronary heart disease (CHD), is the leading cause of death in the US, with a high economic impact. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a known marker for CHD and a useful tool for estimating the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Although CACS is recommended for informing the decision to initiate statin therapy, the current standard requires a dedicated CT protocol, which is time-intensive and contributes to radiation exposure. Non-dedicated CT protocols can be taken advantage of to visualize calcium and reduce overall cost and radiation exposure; however, they mainly provide visual estimates of coronary calcium and have disadvantages such as motion artifacts. Artificial intelligence is a growing field involving software that independently performs human-level tasks, and is well suited for improving CACS efficiency and repurposing non-dedicated CT for calcium scoring. We present a review of the current studies on automated CACS across various CT protocols and discuss consideration points in clinical application and some barriers to implementation.

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“…The majority of such deaths take place in low-and middle-income countries, accounting for nearly 7 million deaths and 129 million DALYs annually. Moreover, patients who survive myocardial infarction have at least a five-to six-fold higher annual mortality rate, compared to those who are not afflicted with CAD [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotational Atherectomy, Orbital Atherectomy, and Intravascular Lithotripsy Comparison for Calcified Coronary Lesions

Florek,

Bartoszewska,

Biegała

et al. 2023

JCM

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In order to improve the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery calcifications (CAC) before stent implantation, methods such as rotational atherectomy (RA), orbital atherectomy (OA), and coronary intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) were invented. These techniques use different mechanisms of action and therefore have various short- and long-term outcomes. IVL employs sonic waves to modify CAC, whereas RA and OA use a rapidly rotating burr or crown. These methods have specific advantages and limitations, regarding their cost-efficiency, the movement of the device, their usefulness given the individual anatomy of both the lesion and the vessel, and the risk of specified complications. This study reviews the key findings of peer-reviewed articles available on Google Scholar with the keywords RA, OA, and IVL. Based on the collected data, successful stent delivery was assessed as 97.7% for OA, 92.4% for IVL, and 92.5% for RA, and 30-day prevalence of MACE (Major Adverse Cardiac Events) in OA—10.4%, IVL—7.2%, and RA—5%. There were no significant differences in the 1-year MACE. Compared to RA, OA and IVL are cost-effective approaches, but this is substantially dependent on the reimbursement system of the particular country. There is no standard method of CAC modification; therefore, a tailor-made approach is required.

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Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System (CAC-DRS): A Primer

Cited by 6 publications

References 104 publications

Artificial intelligence in coronary artery calcium score: rationale, different approaches, and outcomes

Artificial intelligence in coronary artery calcium score: rationale, different approaches, and outcomes

Artificial Intelligence in Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring

Rotational Atherectomy, Orbital Atherectomy, and Intravascular Lithotripsy Comparison for Calcified Coronary Lesions

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