Corneal thickness in dry eyes in an Iraqi population

Ali, Noora Mauwafak; Hamied, Furkaan Majied; Farhood, Qasim Kadhim

doi:10.2147/opth.s119343

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Thirdly, apparently low IOP in summer might be caused by corneal thinning 36 . The central corneal thickness decreases in DED 37 and contributes to low IOP in summer, since measured IOP might be lower than the actual value. Ophthalmologists should be also aware that perimetric results could thus be overestimated in summer 38 because the sensitivities in summer were 0.2 dB below those of winter/spring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Seasonal variation of intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma with and without dry eye

Kuze

Ayaki

Yuki

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the management of intra-ocular pressure (iop) is important for glaucoma treatment. iop is recognized for showing seasonal fluctuation. Glaucoma patients can be at high risk of dry eye disease (DeD). We thus evaluated seasonal variation of iop with and without DeD in glaucoma patients. this study enrolled 4,708 patients, with mean age of 55.2 years, who visited our clinics in Japan from Mar 2015 to Feb 2017. We compared the seasonal variation in IOP (mean ± SD) across spring (March-May), summer (June-August), fall (September-November), and winter (December-February). IOP was highest in winter and lowest in summer, at 14.2/13.7 for non-glaucoma without DED group (n = 2,853, P = 0.001), 14.5/13.6 for non-glaucoma with DED group (n = 1,500, P = 0.000), 14.0/13.0 for glaucoma without DED group (n = 240, P = 0.051), and 15.4/12.4 for glaucoma with DED group (n = 115, P = 0.015). Seasonal variation was largest across the seasons in the glaucoma with DeD group. iop was also inversely correlated with corneal staining score (P = 0.000). In conclusion, the seasonal variation was significant in most of study groups and IOP could tend to be low in summer. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide 1. Elevated intra-ocular pressure (IOP) is the only adaptable risk factor for glaucoma and the progression of visual field loss is strongly related to IOP. The management of glaucoma aims to reduce IOP 2,3 , which could be influenced by various factors including blood pressure, body posture, and diurnal and seasonal variations 4-6. Mean IOPs are reportedly higher in winter and lower in summer in both normal 7-9 and glaucoma 10,11 subjects, and the magnitude of these fluctuations are larger in patients with glaucoma than in normal subjects. Clinically, it is important to control IOP since a large diurnal fluctuation in IOP is a known risk factor for the progression of glaucoma 12. Seasonal and diurnal fluctuations could thus mislead a clinical decision regarding medication and surgery. Although this seasonal pattern was described two decades ago, the phenomenon is not completely characterised 8. Due to the chronic nature of glaucoma, many affected patients experience long-term exposure to commercial pharmaceutical components and preservatives that are known to cause corneal and conjunctival toxicity 13-15. Previous studies have shown that up to 40% of glaucoma patients use more than one topical medication 16 , and benzalkonium chloride (BAK), the most common preservative in anti-glaucoma solutions, has been strongly implicated in inducing and/or exacerbating ocular toxicity such as corneal epithelial cell dysfunction and inflammatory and toxic side effects on the conjunctiva. Consequently, glaucoma-affected patients can be at high risk of also developing the commonly seen dry eye disease (DED) 17-19. DED also exhibits seasonal fluctuations in vulnerability against environmental conditions. DED signs and symptoms tend to vary throughout the year, and particularly with seasonal changes across summer to winter 8. These ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Seasonal variation of intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma with and without dry eye

Kuze

Ayaki

Yuki

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…This is paradoxical since if IOP increases with worsening of DED in the cold and dry weather of winter, IOP in short BUT should be higher than in normal BUT for all seasons. A possible explanation for this seeming anomaly is cornel thinning and drug penetration facilitated by disruption of the ocular surface barrier effects in DED, as previous investigations have suggested that IOP estimated as a lower value in thin cornea and intraocular drug effects of instilled eye drops depends on the drug penetration [12,41,42]. Sleep disorder, depression, and possible decreases in melatonin secretion could also contribute to the dysregulation of IOP [21,[23][24][25] in winter when sunshine decreases and DED patients suffer more stress and worsened symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tear Break-Up Time and Seasonal Variation in Intraocular Pressure in a Japanese Population

et al. 2020

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Purpose: To evaluate seasonal variation in intraocular pressure (IOP) with and without short tear break-up time (SBUT, BUT ≤5 s) since dry eye and IOP are known to have seasonal variation. Methods: This study enrolled 176 patients who visited one of six eye clinics, in Japan, four times for IOP measurement, in every season. The mean patient age was 67.9 years, including 79 males. Participants were divided into four groups based on the presence of glaucoma and/or SBUT and we compared the seasonal variation in IOP (winter and summer) among the four groups. Results: The IOP (mmHg) in winter and summer, respectively, was 12.8 ± 3.7 and 12.8 ± 3.1 for non-glaucoma patients without SBUT (n = 47, p = 0.964), 14.8 ± 3.4 and 13.3 ± 3.4 for non-glaucoma patients with SBUT (n = 57, p < 0.001), 14.3 ± 3.2 and 14.1 ± 3.4 for glaucoma patients without SBUT (n = 36, p = 0.489), and 13.3 ± 3.0 and 11.6 ± 2.9 for glaucoma with SBUT (n = 36, p < 0.001). Seasonal variation was largest across the seasons in the glaucoma with the SBUT group, and the magnitude of seasonal variation correlated with BUT (β = 0.228, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Seasonal variation tended to be larger in patients with SBUT than those without SBUT.

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“…Desiccation stress and amplified inflammatory response in dry eye significantly alters the thickness of the central and peripheral cornea contributing to corneal thinning [ 64 ]. The imbalance between the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the inhibitors of MMPs significantly degrade the extracellular matrix of the collagenous stroma resulting in corneal thinning [ 65 , 66 ]. Deterioration of the tear film can result in irregular corneal surface that affects the visual quality.…”

Section: Ocular Surface Microenvironment Change In Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Dry Eye Management: Targeting the Ocular Surface Microenvironment

Zhang

et al. 2017

IJMS

187

185

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Dry eye can damage the ocular surface and result in mild corneal epithelial defect to blinding corneal pannus formation and squamous metaplasia. Significant progress in the treatment of dry eye has been made in the last two decades; progressing from lubricating and hydrating the ocular surface with artificial tear to stimulating tear secretion; anti-inflammation and immune regulation. With the increase in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dry eye, we propose in this review the concept of ocular surface microenvironment. Various components of the microenvironment contribute to the homeostasis of ocular surface. Compromise in one or more components can result in homeostasis disruption of ocular surface leading to dry eye disease. Complete evaluation of the microenvironment component changes in dry eye patients will not only lead to appropriate diagnosis, but also guide in timely and effective clinical management. Successful treatment of dry eye should be aimed to restore the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment.

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Corneal thickness in dry eyes in an Iraqi population

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Seasonal variation of intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma with and without dry eye

Seasonal variation of intra-ocular pressure in glaucoma with and without dry eye

Tear Break-Up Time and Seasonal Variation in Intraocular Pressure in a Japanese Population

Dry Eye Management: Targeting the Ocular Surface Microenvironment

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