Corneal Donor Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus: Herpes Simplex Virus DNA in Donor Corneas

Cleator, Graham M.; Klapper, Paul E.; Dennett, C; Sullivan, Ava; Bonshek, Richard; Marcyniuk, B.; Tullo, Andrew B.

doi:10.1097/00003226-199407000-00003

Cited by 75 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Firstly, the source of reactivated virus which produces this disease was investigated. The trigeminal ganglion (TG) is thought to be the most likely source of virus in humans but there is evidence from humans and animals that the cornea itself may be persistently or latently infected with HSV-1 (Kaye et al, 1991;Cleator et al, 1994;Easty et al, 1987;Cook et al, 1991;O'Brien & Taylor, 1989). Although such a source cannot be * Author for correspondence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune cell infiltration in corneas of mice with recurrent herpes simplex virus disease

Shimeld¹,

Whiteland²,

Nicholls³

et al. 1996

Journal of General Virology

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Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection was induced by UV irradiation of the corneas of latently infected mice. On days 1--4 after stimulation, infectious virus was sought in nervous and ocular tissue. On days 4, 7 and 10, eyes with either recurrent epithelial or stromal disease and appropriate controls were stained to identify immune cells and HSV-1 antigens. The maximum incidence of infectious virus was on day 2 when 5/10 ophthalmic parts of the trigeminal ganglion yielded HSV. Thus in this mouse model, as in humans, reactivation of virus in the trigeminal ganglion is the likely source of virus producing recurrent disease and shedding in the tear film. On day 4, when virus antigens were still present, granulocytes were the predominant infiltrating cell in corneas with either type of disease. Small numbers ofT cells, dendritic cells and cells expressing MHC class II were also present. In stromal disease, the granulocyte infiltrate persisted and T cells remained sparse. In contrast, in epithelial disease, granulocyte numbers rapidly declined and both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells (present at a ratio of 1:1) increased significantly. The secondary immune response to virus antigen is more rapid and vigorous than that during primary corneal infection. Granulocytes may play a role in the initial clearance of virus, however, the other types of cells present early on provide the potential for a local secondary immune response. The high proportion of CD8 ÷ cells in epithelial disease compared with stromal disease suggests that they may be acting as suppressors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune cell infiltration in corneas of mice with recurrent herpes simplex virus disease

Shimeld¹,

Whiteland²,

Nicholls³

et al. 1996

Journal of General Virology

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“…In situ hybridization [9] was performed for the detection of HSV nucleic acid using an 800 base pair (bp) biotinylated probe pA29 [10], homologous with a region of the HSV thymidine kinase (TK) gene.…”

Section: In Situ Hybridizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paraffin sections were dewaxed and DNA extracted by digestion with proteinase K and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), followed by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation [9]. Precipitated DNA was resuspended in 50 µL of sterile distilled water and 5 µL of this was used in the PCR.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary herpes simplex in burns patients

Byers

Ps²,

Quigley

et al. 1996

Eur Respir J

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P Pu ul lm mo on na ar ry y h he er rp pe es s s si im mp pl le ex x i in n b bu ur rn ns s p pa at ti ie en nt ts s R.J. Byers*, P.S. Hasleton + , A. Quigley + , C. Dennett* ABSTRACT: In this study we aimed to determine the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the lungs of burns patients, and its association with the presence of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for HSV was performed on lung tissue from 54 patients who had died following burn injury and from nine control cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HSV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was performed on a subset both of burns cases and controls.No viral inclusions were detected in H&E sections, but 50% of the burns cases were positive for HSV by IHC staining; no control cases were positive. Nuclear and cytoplasmic immunopositivity for HSV was seen in macrophages and epithelial lining cells. HSV was strongly associated with ARDS (p=0.007), but not with pneumonia (p=0.577). The relative risk of HSV infection was higher for cases with ARDS (2.21) than for those with pneumonia (1.26). PCR for HSV DNA was positive in three out of five burns cases, and in one out of five control cases.Immunohistochemical staining is more sensitive for the detection of herpes simplex virus than haematoxylin and eosin staining for detection of viral inclusions. Burns cases have a high incidence of pulmonary herpes simplex virus infection. Polymerase chain reaction results may not be fully representative due to problems of tissue necrosis postmortem. Pulmonary herpes simplex virus is strongly associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome and the two may be causally linked. Early detection and treatment of pulmonary herpes simplex virus in burns patients may reduce pulmonary complications and mortality.

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“…HSV DNA has also been found in the corneas of patients with previous herpetic keratitis [2 I, 221, apparently non-herpetic corneal disease [2 1-23] and in eye bank corneas unsuitable or not used for transplantation [23,24]. The significance of persistent HSV DNA in the cornea is unclear although it suggests that asymptomatic and unrecognised herpetic infections of the cornea are more common than realised.…”

Section: Corneal Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%