Cornea

Kivelä, Tero; Messmer, Elisabeth M.; Rymgayłło-Jankowska, Beata

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43382-9_3

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 347 publications

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“…Located at the front of the eye, covering the pupil, iris, and anterior chamber, the cornea is the primary component of the ocular optical system ( 1 ). The cornea is made up of three cellular layers- epithelium, stroma, and endothelium; and two acellular layers- Bowman's and Descemet's membranes ( Figure 1 ) ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Cornea: Past, Current, and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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Corneal diseases are a leading cause of blindness with an estimated 10 million patients diagnosed with bilateral corneal blindness worldwide. Corneal transplantation is highly successful in low-risk patients with corneal blindness but often fails those with high-risk indications such as recurrent or chronic inflammatory disorders, history of glaucoma and herpetic infections, and those with neovascularisation of the host bed. Moreover, the need for donor corneas greatly exceeds the supply, especially in disadvantaged countries. Therefore, artificial and bio-mimetic corneas have been investigated for patients with indications that result in keratoplasty failure. Two long-lasting keratoprostheses with different indications, the Boston type-1 keratoprostheses and osteo-odonto-keratoprostheses have been adapted to minimise complications that have arisen over time. However, both utilise either autologous tissue or an allograft cornea to increase biointegration. To step away from the need for donor material, synthetic keratoprostheses with soft skirts have been introduced to increase biointegration between the device and native tissue. The AlphaCor™, a synthetic polymer (PHEMA) hydrogel, addressed certain complications of the previous versions of keratoprostheses but resulted in stromal melting and optic deposition. Efforts are being made towards creating synthetic keratoprostheses that emulate native corneas by the inclusion of biomolecules that support enhanced biointegration of the implant while reducing stromal melting and optic deposition. The field continues to shift towards more advanced bioengineering approaches to form replacement corneas. Certain biomolecules such as collagen are being investigated to create corneal substitutes, which can be used as the basis for bio-inks in 3D corneal bioprinting. Alternatively, decellularised corneas from mammalian sources have shown potential in replicating both the corneal composition and fibril architecture. This review will discuss the limitations of keratoplasty, milestones in the history of artificial corneal development, advancements in current artificial corneas, and future possibilities in this field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Cornea: Past, Current, and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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“…There is conflicting information regarding the incidence of congenital ocular disorders in cattle. On the one hand, congenital ocular disorders are reported to occur uncommonly, with multiple abnormalities reported only sporadically [ 8 ], while on the other congenital ocular disorders are found to be not unusual, with several types of ocular defects, including microphthalmia, coloboma, and retinal dysplasia, reported [ 21 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Congenital anterior staphyloma (CAS), also named “congenital corneal staphyloma”, is a rare complex ocular malformation syndrome of the anterior segment of the eye, referred to as anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) [ 8 , 16 ]. In food-producing animals, a case of unilateral CAS with complete anterior synechiae and a rudimentary lens has been reported in a Holstein-Friesian heifer calf [ 14 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This case represents a unilateral ASD consistent with CAS associated with PA and aphakia, as confirmed by the pathological examination. ASD resulting from the abnormal development of neural crest cells encompasses a broad range of ocular malformations classified in detail by its characteristics in human ophthalmology [ 8 , 21 ]. It includes CAS, PA and aphakia, although it is sometimes presents complications [ 6 , 11 , 18 , 19 , 23 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CAS is a rare and severe type of ASD characterized by a cloudy, bulging, vascularized, staphylomatous cornea in humans [ 8 , 9 , 16 ]. Unilateral CAS with complete anterior synechiae and rudimentary lens has been reported in a Holstein-Friesian heifer calf [ 14 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenital anterior staphyloma associated with Peters’ anomaly and aphakia in a Holstein calf

Sato

Onda

Murakami

et al. 2017

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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A Holstein calf was born with a large protruding right eye and a central corneal opacity. Enucleation was the first choice of treatment. The calf had a good prognosis and was raised for milking purposes. Macroscopically, the enucleated eye was characterized by the protruded cornea, adherence of the iris to the central posterior cornea and aphakia. Microscopically, central corneal thickening and a defect in the endothelium and Descemet’s membrane were observed. These data suggest that this represents a case of unilateral anterior segment dysgenesis consistent with congenital corneal staphyloma with Peters’ anomaly and aphakia. Neither a mutation of the WFDC1 gene in multiple ocular defects nor any other identifiable cause for ocular anomalies was detected.

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